Immigration and Ethnicity Flashcards
(27 cards)
When was the Immigration Restriction League founded, what was its significance?
1894 - reacting against influx of southern and Eastern Europeans, gains support of many wealthy donors and clout in Congress
When and what was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
1882 - Bans immigration of Chinese labourers (intended to last only 10 years but then renewed in 1892 then made permanent in 1902)
Who uses the term ‘probationary whites’ with what meaning?
Jacobson - legally white but racially inferior and different to Nordic ideal eg Irish, Poles, Italians
What does Matthew Guterl argue is the impact of the Great Migration on ethnicity?
Redefines race as being between black and white rather than ethnic origin - introduces color line
How have ethnic stereotypes of Asian Americans evolved?
Move from ‘yellow peril’ to ‘model minority’
What does John Quincy Adams say of ethnicity?
Immigrants ‘must cast off the European skin never to resume it’
What example supports idea of religious identity as more important than ethnic identity?
Intermarriage between ethnic groups on religious axes
What stat does Frank Thistlewait suggest about immigration patterns and when?
1/3 of immigrants between 192-1924 repatriated, writing in the 1960s
Give examples of exclusive ethnic cultural institutions
Schools, athletic clubs, foreign language newspapers
Name 2 historians involved in the ethnic revival of the 1970s?
Vecoli, Gutman - ‘The Transplanted’
What does Fuchs argue against?
Dichotomy of American and ethnic identity - they are not mutually exclusive ‘voluntary pluralism’
How do Sollors and Fuchs view Americanisation? Who disagrees?
They see Americanisation as ultimately emancipatory, Gerstle disagrees arguing Americanisation places limits on self invention eg class and gender
What are the key tropes of ‘civic nationalism’
Political beliefs (anti-communist), equality of human beings, inalienable rights, democratic government, based on Declaration of Independence and Constitution
What is the shape of the black prison population?
40% of prison population while 10% of overall population
How is black poverty disproportionate?
$20,000 less than average household
What is the ‘donut effect’
Migration of wealthy residents and retail to the suburbs, depriving the centre, often leading to de facto segregation
What does Hollinger mean by ‘post ethnic’ America
An ideal in which ethnic identity is voluntary, available for Americans of European ancestry already, points to rising intermarriage
When and what was the ‘gentleman’s agreement’ Japan
1907 - US would not impose immigration restrictions on Japanese while Japanese would not permit emigration
When is the Immigration Act and what are its key features?
1924 - enforced national quotas on immigrants by origin, a result of WW1 emigration drives and red scare (link between Jews and Bolsheviks)
What and when was the McCarran- Walter Act
1952 - lifts racial bars on naturalisation, immigration but retains strict quotas
What and when is the Hart Cellar Act?
Replaces quotas by nation with preferences by family, occupation and refugee status
When were the depressions of the 19th century?
1872,1882,1893
How many immigrants are there between 1901-1910? And 1931-1971?
1901-1910: 8.8m immigrants
1931-1971: 7.3m immigrants
How many New Yorkers are foreign born by 1910?
41%
