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PMCOL 344 > Immune-1 > Flashcards

Immune-1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system (basic)

A

collection of cells, tissues and molecules that protects the body from pathogens, toxins and cancerous cells

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2
Q

what are 3 things that happen in a normal immune response

A
  • elimination of pathogen
  • destruction of transformed cells
  • neutralization of toxins
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3
Q

what are 4 things that happen in an abnormal immune response

A
  • immunodeficiency (AIDS)
  • hypersensitivity (allergies)
  • autoimmunity (lupus)
  • cancer
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4
Q

is the innate immune or adaptive/acquired faster

A

innate

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5
Q

is the innate immune or adaptive/acquired the first line of defence

A

innate

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6
Q

is the innate immune or adaptive/acquired more specific

A

adaptive/acquired

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7
Q

is the innate immune or adaptive have memory

A

adaptive/acquired

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8
Q

what is innate immunity good for

A

immediate protection against majority of infections, primitive, does not require priming

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9
Q

what initiates the innate immune system

A

engagement of PRRs ( pattern receptor recognition )

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10
Q

what do pattern receptor recognition recognize

A

things common to pathogens that we dont have, like bacterial wall. this is how we identify them

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11
Q

is pattern receptor recognition specific

A

no not specific to the invading pathogen

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12
Q

what are 6 components of the innate immune system

A
  • physical barriers
  • phagocytes
  • acute phase proteins
  • complement system
  • NK cells
  • esosinophils, basophils and mast cells
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13
Q

what is an example of acute phase proteins

A

opsonins

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14
Q

what is an example of physical barriers

A

mucosal epithelia and skin

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15
Q

what is 2 example of phagocytes + what are they

A

neutrophils and macrophages, they engulf pathogens

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16
Q

how do mucosal epithelia and skin help protect us

A
  • produce mucins to prevent pathogen attachment and entry

- produce antimicrobial peptides induced by engagement of PRRs

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17
Q

what happens after initial contact of phagocytes with pathogens

A

initiate multiple antimicrobial mechanisms

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18
Q

what are opsonins

A

host products of the acute phase response and the complement systems (make them more attractive to phagocytes)

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19
Q

what can opsonins facilitate

A

phagocytosis

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20
Q

what can facilitate phagocytosis

A

opsonins

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21
Q

what is complement

A

series of plasma enzymes and proteins activated in a cascading fashion

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22
Q

what are 3 consequences of complement activation

A
  • recruitment of phagocytes
  • opsonization
  • direct killing (MAC attack)
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23
Q

how does complement cause recruitment of phagocytes

A

through release of proteolytic fragments with chemotactic activity

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24
Q

how does complement cause opsonization

A

through covalent attachment of C3 fragments

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25
Q

how does complement cause direct killing

A

through formation of membrane-attack complex (MAC attack)

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26
Q

what are the 3 main categories of roles in complement in innate immunity

A

chemotaxis, opsonization, bacterial lysis (MAC)

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27
Q

what does MAC stand for

A

membrane-attack complex

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28
Q

what are the 2 main groups of lymphocytes

A

T and B cells

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29
Q

what does T cell mean

A

thymus derived lymphocytes

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30
Q

what does B cell mean

A

bone marrow derived lymphocytes

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31
Q

what % of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and T and B cells

A

80-95%

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32
Q

what differentiates the lymphocytes (3)

A
  • specific sets of surface markers (receptors)
  • their location in lymphoid organs
  • their function
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33
Q

what defines types of T cells + what are the types

A

their receptors
TCR- αβ
TCR- γδ

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34
Q

what receptors do TCR- αβ express

A

CD4 or CD8 receptors

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35
Q

what are CD4 expressing T cells

A

T-helper cells

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36
Q

what are CD8 expressing T cells

A

cytolytic T cells

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37
Q

what do T-helper cells have on surface

A

CD4

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38
Q

what do cytolytic T cells have on surface

A

CD8

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39
Q

what do T-helper cells recognize

A

antigens with MHC class 2 molecules

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40
Q

what do cytolytic T cells recognize

A

antigens with MHC class 1 molecules

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41
Q

do TCR- αβ or TCR- γδ express CD4 or CD8

A

TCR- αβ

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42
Q

do TCR- αβ express CD4 or CD8

A

yes both

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43
Q

do TCR- γδ express CD4 or CD8

A

no

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44
Q

which cell recognizes antigen with MHC class 2 molecules

A

CD4 t helper cells

45
Q

which cell recognizes antigen with MHC class 1 molecules

A

CD8 cytolytic T cells

46
Q

where do t cells mature

A

in the thymus

47
Q

which type of t cells die in the thymus

A

the ones that are recognizing our own antigens (autoreactive)

48
Q

where do pluripotent stem cells become pre t cells

A

in the bone marrow

49
Q

where do t cells recognize antigens

A

in the periphery

50
Q

what are b cells responsible for

A

secrete their antigen receptors as antibodies (antibody production)

51
Q

what do b cells express on their surface

A

antigen receptors/ B cell receptors (BCRs)

52
Q

what are b lymphocytes

A

precursors of the immunoglobulin-producing cells (plasma cells)

53
Q

do plasma cells have surface immunoglobulin

A

no

54
Q

do plasma cells divide

A

no

55
Q

are plasma cells found in the peripheral blood

A

no

56
Q

where are plasma cells not found

A

in the peripheral cell

57
Q

what dont plasma cells have on their surface

A

immunoglobulin

58
Q

what dont plasma cells do

A

divide

59
Q

where do pre b cells become immature b cells

A

bone marrow

60
Q

what causes immature b cells to become mature b cells

A

antigen presentation

61
Q

where do immature b cells become mature b cells

A

in the periphery

62
Q

where do plasma cells secrete antibodies

A

in the periphery (often remain in organ of choice, dont circulate in the blood)

63
Q

what does PAMP stand for

A

pathogen associated molecular pattern

64
Q

what is an example of a PAMP

A

bacterial cell wall (humans dont have that)

65
Q

what are PAMP based on

A

detection of molecular structures unique to microorganisms or damaged cells

66
Q

when are PRRs encoded

A

germline

67
Q

what are PRRs

A

sensors which detect molecules typical for the pathogens.

68
Q

what is the specifics of PRRs like + explain

A

broad specificities which can bind to a large number of molecules with a common structural pattern

69
Q

what does DAMP stand for

A

danger associated molecule pattern

70
Q

what are DAMPs

A

endogenous danger molecules that are released from damaged or dying cells and activate the innate immune system by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

71
Q

if DAMPs are endogenous, why does PPRs get activated

A

because they should only be inside the cell, so if they exit the cell, its bad

72
Q

where do PAMPs bind

A

PPR

73
Q

where do DAMPs bind

A

PPR or DAMP receptors

74
Q

who expresses PPRs

A

innate immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells

75
Q

what is the difference with PAMP and DAMP

A

PAMP are derived from microorganisms, DAMPS are derived from host cells

76
Q

do dendritic cells have DAMP or PRR receptors

A

both, although you could say that DAMP receptors are a PRR (but the slide shows both)

77
Q

where do dendritic cells mature

A

in the lymph nodes and spleen

78
Q

what happens once dendritic cells go in the lymph nodes and spleen

A

they initiate adaptive immunity

79
Q

what kind of receptors are germline encoded

A

PRRs

80
Q

is innate or adaptive immunity born with / germline + why

A

innate is germline because youre born with PRRs

81
Q

what are dendritic cells (general)

A

professional antigen presenting cells

82
Q

where are dendritic cells present

A

at all epithelial barriers where they watch for infection

83
Q

how do dendritic cells monitor the tissue environment for the presence of pathogens

A

by using various PRRs

84
Q

what initiates dendritic cells maturation (2)

A
  • direct exposure to pathogens

- specific interactions with other immune cells

85
Q

where are dendritic cells precursors/ immature dendritic cells

A

they circulate in the blood and migrate from bone marrow into peripheral tissues and mucosa surfaces

86
Q

what do PRRs cause immature dendritic cells to do

A

migrate into lymph nodes

87
Q

how do immature dendritic cells recognize pathogens

A

via PRRs

88
Q

what do immature dendritic cells do to antigens/pathogens

A

they uptake via phagocytosis them and process it into antigenic peptides

89
Q

what happens once dendritic cells become mature

A

they present antigenic peptides at the cell surface by MHC calss 1 or 2 molecules

90
Q

what does recognition of PAMPs by PRRs do (4)

A

Upregulate cell surface expression of co stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and cytokine and chemokine receptors + induce expression and release of cytokines and chemokines

91
Q

where do lymphocytes circulate until they encounter their antigen

A

in the lymph nodes and spleen

92
Q

what do lymphocytes recognize

A

antigens presented to them by APCs (like DC)

93
Q

what do mature DCs do in the lymph nodes

A

release pro-inflammatory cytokines

94
Q

what is the basic principle of the control of the adaptive immune response by the innate immunity

A

to establish an associated between the microbial or damage products (PAMPs and DAMPs) recognized by PRRs and the antigens recognized by lymphocytes

95
Q

can lymphocytes recognize PAMPs and DAMPs and why

A

no because they only recognize them when they are presented to them (like the DC will process it first)

96
Q

how do DCs activate naive T cells (2 things)

A

by presenting pathogen derived antigens with cell surface associated molecules (CD86/80)

97
Q

what MHC class do CD4 T cells recognize

A

class 2

98
Q

what MHC class do CD8 T cells recognize

A

class 1

99
Q

what are 2 types of the stimulatory molecules

A

CD80 and CD86

100
Q

what happens once a naive t cell gets activated

A

the lymphocyte differentiated into several types of effector cells, depending on the class of pathogen they recognize

101
Q

besides the MHC and CD80/86, what other things do DCs do to activate naive T cells

A

they secrete cytokines

102
Q

what is the difference with MCH 1 and 2 (general)

A

they antigens have different origin

103
Q

what is the origin of antigens in the MHC 2 class

A

MHC 2 present antigens that were internalized via endocytosis and degraded within APCs

104
Q

what is the origin of antigens in the MHC 1 class

A

MHC 1 present peptides derived from endogenous synthesized proteins (like peptides of viral or intracellular bacterial, come straight from them)

105
Q

what signals do naive T cells require to become active

A

MHC/TCR (T cell receptor) and co-stimulation

106
Q

what is necessary about the costimulatory signal

A

it is necessary for the synthesis and secretion of IL2

107
Q

what are anergic t cells

A

they dont produce IL2 and do not proliferate on subsequent stimulations
(intrinsically functionally inactivated following an antigen encounter, but remains alive for an extended period of time in a hyporesponsive state)

108
Q

is adaptive immune system specific

A

yes

109
Q

what is the specificity of the adaptive immune system like

A

each lymphocyte has a receptor that recognizes a single antigenic determinant

PMCOL 344 (27 decks)

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