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PMCOL 344 > Obesity Intro > Flashcards

Obesity Intro Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 adverse behavioural factors that is causing the atherosclerosis epidemic

A

fatty diets
physical inactivity
diabetes
OBESITY

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2
Q

which BMI signified morbidly obese

A

about 40

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3
Q

what does high BMI mean for their health

A

major risk factor for chronic diseases, like CV caver and diabetes

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4
Q

why can obesity and diabetes cause cancer

A

cause insulin resistance means pancreas make more insulin. but insulin is a growth factor so it promotes cancer growth

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5
Q

what generally causes obesity

A

when homeostatic mechanisms controlling energy balance become disordered or overwhelmed

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6
Q

what is a main intrinsic homeostatic mechanism that contributes to obesity

A

the hypothalamus, increases its set point so its hard to lose weight

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7
Q

is there a genetic component of obesity

A

yes, strong. also epigenetic (starved mother, then kids gain weight easier)

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8
Q

what are 3 mutations that cause mice to be obese

A

ob (lack leptin)
db (lack leptin receptor)
tub (transcription factor)

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9
Q

what do homozygote mice with those mutations do

A

eat excessively, low expenditure (BMR), very fat, metabolic abnormalities

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10
Q

what does leptin do generally

A

reduces food intake and body weight

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11
Q

what produces leptin

A

adipocytes

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12
Q

what regulates leptin

A

glucocorticoids, estrogens, insulin

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13
Q

what does high fat stores do to leptin

A

increases

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14
Q

so can you just give obese people more leptin

A

no, actually most obese people have high levels but develop leptin resistance

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15
Q

how does leptin enter the CNS

A

via saturable transporter

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16
Q

where does leptin act in the CNS

A

in the hypothalamus, leptin receptors in 2 groups of neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC)

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17
Q

what are the 2 groups that leptin activates like (general)

A

they have opposing actions

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18
Q

what does energy homeostasis depend on

A

balance between actions of leptin (and other mediators) on these 2 groups of neurons

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19
Q

what are the 2 pathways that leptin deals with

A
  • anorexigenic (POMC and CART)

- orexigenic (NPY and AGRP)

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20
Q

what does leptin do to anorexigenic (POMC and CART) pathway

A

stimulates

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21
Q

what does leptin do to orexigenic (NPY and AGRP) pathway

A

inhibits

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22
Q

what pathway is POMC

A

anorexigenic

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23
Q

what pathway is AGRP

A

orexigenic

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24
Q

what pathway is CART

A

anorexigenic

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25
Q

what pathway is NPY

A

orexigenic

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26
Q

what does leptin do to anorexigenic pathways

A

stimulates

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27
Q

what does leptin do to orexigenic pathways

A

inhibits

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28
Q

what does leptin do to POMC pathway

A

stimulates

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29
Q

what does leptin do to AGRP pathway

A

inhibits

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30
Q

what does leptin do to NPY pathway

A

inhibits

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31
Q

what does leptin do to CART pathway

A

stimulates

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32
Q

what does starvation and weight loss do to leptin levels

A

decreases

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33
Q

what does overfeeding and weight gain do to leptin levels

A

increase

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34
Q

what does stimulation of POMC and CART and MSH pathway cause

A

decrease food intake, decrease storage and synthesis of fat (catabolism), increase energy expenditure

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35
Q

what does stimulation of NPY and AGRP pathway cause

A

increased food intake, increased synthesis and storage of fat (anabolism), decreased energy expenditure

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36
Q

which receptor does AGRP effect and how

A

it is an inverse agonist at MC receptors

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37
Q

what happens if there is defects in POMC/MSH/melanocortin axis

A

link to obesity

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38
Q

how does leptin regulation compare to other factors

A

regulation of energy balance such as leptin occurs against background of psychological, environmental, financial and social factors that engage higher brain areas in control of food intake

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39
Q

what do you see in brain imaging scans in leptin deficient individuals

A

they show activation of neural circuits involved in reward processing after the visual presentation of food - decreased when treated with leptin

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40
Q

how does the gut link to the brain and make you hungry (example)

A

bacteria want fibre, so they keep telling you you are hungry until they get what they want

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41
Q

what are 5 examples of gut peptides

A

ghrelin, CCK, PYY, OXM, GLP-1

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42
Q

what is the role of gut peptides

A

food intake is also modulated by feedback loops in which signals transmitted from GI tract to CNS

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43
Q

where is ghrelin secreted

A

by gastric mucosa

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44
Q

what kind of molecule is ghrelin

A

peptide

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45
Q

when are plasma levels of ghrelin high

A

during fasting, and peak when expecting a meal

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46
Q

what causes a fall in ghrelin levels

A

feeding

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47
Q

what does ghrelin do to leptin levels

A

decrease its release

48
Q

what does leptin do to ghrelin levels

A

decrease its release

49
Q

what does CCK stand for

A

cholecystokinin

50
Q

where is cholecystokinin secreted from

A

mucosal cells

51
Q

when is cholecystokinin released

A

in process of digesting foods, especially fat

52
Q

where does cholecystokinin act

A

on CCK A receptors on afferent nerves

and CCK B receptors in the brain

53
Q

what happens once cholecystokinin acts on CCK A receptors on afferent nerves

A

they send signal to CNS to inhibit food intake

54
Q

what is the afferent nerve

A

one that sends signal to CNS

55
Q

does efferent or afferent send signal to CNS

A

aferent

56
Q

what happens once cholecystokinin acts on CCK B receptors in the brain

A

it causes the satiety factor

57
Q

how does CCK cause the satiety factor

A

by activating CCK B receptors in the brain

58
Q

what does CCK mediate

A

short term inhibition of food intake, like the size of meals

59
Q

what does PYY stand for

A

peptide tyrosine tyrosine

60
Q

what does OXM stand for

A

oxyntomodulin

61
Q

what does GLP-1 stand for

A

glucagon like peptide

62
Q

what is the role of PYY OXM and GLP-1

A

short term satiety signals

63
Q

where are PYY OXM and GLP-1 produced

A

by cells of the GI mucosa

64
Q

where does PYY OXM and GLP-1 act

A

afferent nerves and ARC (in hypothalamus)

65
Q

where is the ARC

A

in the hypothalamus

66
Q

when are PYY OXM and GLP-1 released

A

within 5-10 mins after starting to eat

67
Q

when does PYY OXM and GLP-1 levels plateau

A

within 30-90 mins of eating

68
Q

how long does PYY OXM and GLP-1 remain elevated

A

for up to 6 hours

69
Q

what does PYY OXM and GLP-1 cause to hunger

A

reduces time before feeling hungry again

70
Q

what does a rapid rise in PYY OXM and GLP-1 cause

A

change in energy status to brain and acts locally to enhance digestive process

71
Q

which gut peptide peaks the quickest

A

ghrelin

72
Q

which gut peptide peaks the slowest

A

PYY OXM and GLP-1

73
Q

which gut peptide peaks the middle-ist

A

CCK, insulin and amylin too

74
Q

which hormones give the feeling of satiety

A

PYY OXM and GLP-1

75
Q

which pathways do PYY OXM and GLP-1 inhibit (like the anorexigenic or orexigenic)

A

inhibit the NPY and AGRP pathways , the orexigenic ones (cause they switch off food intake, give satiety signal)

76
Q

which pathways do PYY OXM and GLP-1 enhance (like the anorexigenic or orexigenic)

A

enhance POMC CART, anorexigenic (decrease food intake)

77
Q

which pathways does ghrelin enhance (like the anorexigenic or orexigenic)

A

enhance the NPY and AGRP pathways (increases food intake, orexigenic)

78
Q

which pathways does ghrelin inhibit (like the anorexigenic or orexigenic)

A

POMC CART, anorexigenic (they want to increase food intake, so they inhibit the inhibitory ones)

79
Q

what does ghrelin do to orexigenic pathway

A

enhance

80
Q

what does ghrelin do to anorexigenic pathway

A

inhibit

81
Q

what does PYY OXM and GLP-1 do to aoorexigenic pathway

A

enhance

82
Q

what does PYY OXM and GLP-1 do to orexigenic pathway

A

inhibit

83
Q

what does noradrenaline do to the 2 pathways

A

positive on orexigenic (enhances NPY) pathway cause it increases energy expenditure

84
Q

what does 5-HT do to the 2 pathways

A

enhances the anorexigenic pathways to decrease food intake (enhances POMC CART)

85
Q

what does GABA do to the 2 pathways

A

inhibits the NPY to decrease food intake

86
Q

what is the source of leptin

A

adipose

87
Q

what is the source of ghrelin

A

stomach

88
Q

what is the source of CCK

A

GI tract

89
Q

what is the source of PYY

A

GI tract

90
Q

what is the source of OXM

A

GI tract

91
Q

what is the source of GLP-1

A

GI tract

92
Q

what is the source of noradrenaline

A

neurons

93
Q

what is the source of GABA

A

neurons

94
Q

what is the source of 5-HT

A

neurons

95
Q

what is the target of leptin

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus)

96
Q

what is the target of Ghrelin

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus)

97
Q

what is the target of CCK

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus) and afferent nerves

98
Q

what is the target of PYY

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus) and afferent nerves

99
Q

what is the target of OXM

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus) and afferent nerves

100
Q

what is the target of GLP-1

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus) and afferent nerves

101
Q

what is the target of noradrenaline

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus)

102
Q

what is the target of GABA

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus)

103
Q

what is the target of 5-HT

A

ARC (arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus)

104
Q

what is the effect of decreased leptin

A

fall in leptin levels increases food intake

105
Q

what is the effect of increase leptin

A

decrease food intake

106
Q

what is the effect of ghrelin

A

increase food intake

107
Q

what is the effect of CCK

A

decrease food intake (limit meal size)

108
Q

what is the effect of PYY

A

decrease food intake by delaying next meal

109
Q

what is the effect of OXM

A

decrease food intake by delaying next meal

110
Q

what is the effect of GLP-1

A

decrease food intake by delaying next meal

111
Q

what is the effect of noradrenaline (with food intake)

A

enhances NPY to increase food intake but also enhance energy expenditure at other sites

112
Q

what is the effect of GABA

A

inhibits NPY, decrease food intake

113
Q

what is the effect of 5-HT

A

enhances POMC/MC, decreases food intake

114
Q

what does leptin do to MSH pathway

A

stimulate

115
Q

is MSH anorexigenic or orexigenic

A

anorexigenic

116
Q

what does low leptin do to NPY AGRP

A

relieves inhibition

117
Q

what does low leptin levels do to POMC CART MSH

A

reduces stimulation

PMCOL 344 (27 decks)

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