Immune

Question 0

What are 3 functions of the immune response?

Answer 0

1) Defense- against invasion, or attacking foreign substances.
2) Homeostasis- digest and remove damaged cellular substances.
3) Surveillance- Recognize mutations as foreign cells and destroy them.

Question 1

What is immunity?

Answer 1

A state of responsiveness to foreign substances such as microorganisms and tumor proteins!

Question 2

The development of immunity, either active or passive is what?

Answer 2

Acquired immunity

Question 3

Undifferentiated cells that are found in small numbers in many adult organs and tissues including the brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian epithelium and testis…

Answer 3

Adult stem cells

Question 4

What are the primary roles of adult stem cells?

Answer 4

Maintain and repair tissues in which they are found.

Question 5

Cells that have the ability to become any of the hundreds of types of cells in the human body…

Answer 5

Embryonic stem cells

Question 6

A substance that elicits an immune response

Answer 6

Antigen

Question 7

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 7

Bone marrow

Question 8

Cells that migrate from the bone marrow to the Thymus gland differentiate into…

Answer 8

T lymphocytes

Question 9

What’s the primary function of Dendritic Cells?

Answer 9

Capture antigens at sites of contact with the external environment (skin, mucous membranes.) most important function in activating the immune response.

Question 10

_______ can differentiate into plasma cells when activated & then produce antibodies (immunoglobulin)

Answer 10

B lymphocytes

Question 11

What does “colonization” mean?

Answer 11

Process in which strains of microorganisms become resident flora.
They may grow/multiply but are not the cause of disease at this point.

Question 12

Group of antibiotics biosynthesized by several species of molds. (Inhibits growth of some gram+ bacteria)

Answer 12

Penicillin

Question 13

Infection occurring during or after treatment of pre-existing infection

Answer 13

Secondary infection

Question 14

Type of infection when blood culture contains microorganisms

Answer 14

Bacteremia infection

Question 15

The ability to produce a disease

Answer 15

Pathogenicity

Question 16

What causes immune response to diminish in older adults?

Answer 16

• thymic involution
• decreased # of T cells
• differentiation of T cells (=more memory cells than precursor cells responsive to previously encountered antigens)

Question 17

Would you give antibiotics to treat mononucleosis or influenza A ?

Answer 17

No it’s a viral infection

Question 18

What kind of disease would rheumatoid arthritis be classified as?

Answer 18

Autoimmune disease

Question 19

What part of the blood promotes blood clotting, wound repair, release substances which activate components if the immune system

Answer 19

Platelets

Question 20

What is the purpose of Interleukin 2 (IL 2) during infection process

Answer 20

Allows lymphocytes to talk to each other,produce adequate response to threat imposed by an organism

Question 21

Which two cell types do not require macrophage assistance to recognize, attack, destroy organisms

Answer 21

Natural killer cells

T cytotoxic cells

Question 22

Examples of primary preventive measures?

Answer 22

• hand hygiene
• environment and sanitation
• immunization
• standard precautions

Question 23

Flagyl is an _________ which disrupts the DNA and protein synthesis in susceptible organisms and is used in the treatment of _______.

Answer 23

Anti-infective; anaerobic infections

Question 24

Someone having an immune response would benefit from what type of diet?

Answer 24

A diet high in calories and protein, with lots of fluids for hydration.

Question 25

What do bactericidal antibiotics do to bacteria?

Answer 25

Kills bacteria

Question 26

What type of antibiotic inhibits bacterial growth or reproduction?

Answer 26

Bacteriostatic

Question 27

To prevent crystalline while taking a sulfonamide how many glasses is it recommended that a person drinks a day?

Answer 27

6-8 glasses of water

Question 28

While taking Cipro what foods/supplements would one avoid in prevention of the medication not being absorbed?

Answer 28

Calcium fortified foods

Question 29

When is peak usually drawn?

Answer 29

After the 4th dose of medication has been given-- when medication is at it's highest in the system

Question 30

When is trough usually drawn?

Answer 30

30-60 minutes prior to the 5th dose-- when the med is at it's lowest concentration.

Question 31

What happens when the infection is not controlled and it overtakes the immune system?

Answer 31

Sepsis

Question 32

What is an early sign of infection in the older adults?

Answer 32

Mental status change/confusion

Question 33

Sneezing and coughing is considered to be what type of transmission?

Answer 33

Droplet

Question 34

Which classification of meds is capable of killing Pseudomonia & E.coli (Garamycin, gentamycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, neomycin)

Answer 34

Aminoglycosides

Question 35

Labs to monitor for when taking ceohalosporins

Answer 35

Creatinine (increase) Bilirubin (increase) BUN ALT, AST, Alkaline, LDH

Question 36

While taking flagyl, look for signs/symptoms of superinfection... S/S:

Answer 36

(black, furry overgrowth on tongue; vaginal itching or discharge; loose or foul-smelling stools)

Question 37

Labs to monitor while taking sulfonamides (Bactrim, Septra)

Answer 37

``` Decreased Folate Increase K+ Creatinine Decreased hepatic function CBC Increases serum bilirubin ```

Question 38

Name the 4 types of hypersensitivity

Answer 38

IgE mediated reaction Cytoxic Immune -complex Delayed hypersensitivity

Question 39

What type of immune response would a catheter (infection) be considered ?

Answer 39

Secondary immune response

Question 40

What is the important job of lymphocytes before it begins immune response?

Answer 40

Lymphocytes recognize protein markers in order to recognize self; to begin immune response of destruction to NON-SELF cells

Question 41

With age comes inability to make T & B cells d/t immunosenescence. What are other effects of aging on immune system?

Answer 41

``` Increased autoantibodies Decreased primary & secondary response Decreased IL-2 receptors Decrease delayed hypersensitivity Decrease cell-mediated immunity ```

Question 42

What group of proteins is used in cancer pt to inhibit cell growth ?

Answer 42

Interferons -A cytokine

Question 43

Which type of protein produced by plasma cell (b-cells) interrupt toxins & enhance phagocytize activity? "Enhances like A-1 sauce"

Answer 43

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) | start complement cascade for long term immunity

Question 44

IgM is huge plasma protein (1st ATB formed during infection) kills bacteria & keeps in intravascular space. Why is this a good thing?

Answer 44

Keeps it out of intercellular so it doesn't altar DNA

Question 45

Cells involved in cell-mediated immunity, and have significant role in immune surveillance for malignant cell changes...

Answer 45

Natural killer cells

Question 46

Cells that stimulate eosinophil-mediated immunity, which is effective against parasites & involved in allergic responses ...

Answer 46

T helper cells (CD4) | Subset TH2 cells

Question 47

Soluble factors secreted by WBCs & act as messengers between cell types instructing cells to alter their proliferation, differentiation, secretion or activity ...

Answer 47

Cytokines