Immune

Question 1

Adaptive immune cells

Answer 1

Adaptive immune cells are white blood cells called lymphocytes that are part of the adaptive immune system
Adaptive immunity involves specialised immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy forgein invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those subtances look like and mounting a new immune response.

Question 2

Lymphocytes

Answer 2

• Type of white blood cell
• Found in the blood and lymph tissue
• Produced in the bine marrow and are the primary cell type in lymph
• Fight off foreign bacteria and viruses as well as cancer.

Question 3

Two main types of lymphocytes

Answer 3

B cells
- Secrete antibodies, which are proteins that bind to foreign antigens, inactivating viruses and toxins.
T cells
- React directly against foreign antigens, either by killing infected cells or producing signal molecules that activate macrophages to destroy microbes.

Question 4

Inflammatory response

Answer 4

• Walling off
• Tissue macrophage is first line of defence
• Neutrophil recruited from blood to invade inflamed area
• Neutrophilla (when there are too many white blood cells, indicates there is an infection)
• Second macrophage invasion into the inflamed tissue is a third line of defence (from the blood)
• Increase production of granulocytes and monocytes by the bone marrow
• Formation of pus
  Characteristics of inflammation
• Increased blood supply (vasodilation)
• Permeability of capillary membrane inc, fluid will leak into interstitial space (plasma proteins eg, fibrinogen)
• Swelling, redness

Question 5

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 5

• Also known as immediate hypersensitivity - most common type.
• Provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen (pollen, food)
• Anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis(hayfever), asthma, hives, eczema, conjunctivitis.
• The immune system’s normal function is to protect the body from harmful substances like viruses and bacteria. However, in people with allergies, the immune system produces antibodies that attack the allergen, even though it’s usually harmless.
• In type 1 hypersensitivity the body produces too much immunoglobulin (IgE) an antibody produced by the immune system in response to an allergen, the IgE then binds to receptors on mast cells and basophils in tissues throughout the body. They act like ‘WANTED’ signs spreading through the body altering other immune cells to look for specific invaders. When the body is exposed to the allergen again, the mast cells and basophils release histamine and other chemicals causing an allergic reaction. Histamine is a signal molecule that helps the body protect itself from foreign invaders. Histamine is released from cells in response to IgE antibodies, triggering inflammatory responses.

Question 6

Type 1 hypersensitivity symptoms

Answer 6

Develop almost immediately (seconds to minutes)
- Hives
- Itchy skin or rash
- Facial swelling
- Wheezing
- Sob
- Vomiting or diarrhoea
- Feeling dizzy
- Sweating
- Stomach cramps
- LOC