immune

Question 1

The lacteals

Answer 1

transport emulsified fats from the intestine to the blood
absorb chylomicrons (made by the liver, into the lymphatic system)

Question 2

Following an infection the lymph nodes

Answer 2

produce antibodies to protect the body against subsequent infection

Question 3

Lymph flow

Answer 3

Lymph flows
down the pressure
gradient.

2) Muscular and
respiratory pumps push lymph forward due to
function of the
semilunar valves

Question 4

Lymphatic Capillaries

Answer 4

weave b/t tissue cells
 and blood capillaries
 in the loose connective
 tissues
unlike blood 
capillaries, lymph
is carried only one
To heart

Question 5

Lymphatic Capillaries:

are absent from

Answer 5

bones and teeth, bone marrow, and the CNS (CSF)

are very permeable due to

Question 6

2 modifications of lymphatic capillaries

Answer 6

First Modification:

Endothelial cells that form the walls of lymphatic capillaries are not tightly joined.
Instead they are arranged in a slightly overlapping pattern, much like the shingles on a roof.

Question 7

2- Second Modification

Answer 7

Collagen filaments anchor the endothelial cells to surrounding structures to withstand any increase in interstitial fluid.

Increases in interstitial fluid opens minivalves to prevent collapse.

Question 8

lymphatic flow

Answer 8

From the lymph capillaries, lymph flows into successively
larger and thicker walled channels.
EDCBA
capillariescollecting vessels nodestrunkducts

Question 9

Lymphatic Collecting Vessels

Answer 9

have same 3 tunics as veins, but are thinner walled, have more internal valves and anastomeose more.
dermal lymphatics travel along with superficial veins, while the deep lymphatic vessels of the trunk and digestive viscera travel with deep arteries.

Question 10

Lymphatic Nodes

Answer 10

cluster along the
lymphatic vessels

large clusters of lymph
nodes occur near the body surface in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions

Question 11

Two functions of lymphatic node

Answer 11

1-Filter lymph that is transported back into the bloodstream.

Macrophages in the nodes remove and destroy microorganisms and other debris in the lymph

2-Activate the immune system.

Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs are strategically placed in sites where lymphocytes encounter antigens

Question 12

Node Structure:

Answer 12

1-Capsule: outer covering
2- Internal Regions: 
a) Cortex: 
contain lymphatic follicles 
 germinal centers 
b) Medulla

3-Afferent lymphatic vessels 
bring lymph into the lymph node

4-Efferent lymphatic vessel
 leave the lymph node through
 the hilus.

Question 13

right lymph duct (thoracic ducts) drains

Answer 13

The right lymph duct drains
the right arm, shoulder area,
and the right side of the
head and neck.

Question 14

left lymph duct (thoracic ducts) drains

Answer 14

The left lymph duct,
 or thoracic duct, drains 
everything else, including
 the legs, GI tract and other
 abdominal organs, thoracic 
organs, and the left side of the
 head and neck and left arm
 and shoulder.

Question 15

The left and right ducts then drain

Answer 15

into the subclavian veins on each side where they join the internal jugular veins to form the brachiocephalic veins.

Question 16

Spleen

Answer 16

served large splenic artery
and vein that enter and exit
at the hilum
surrounded by a fibrous
capsule
white pulp area with
mostly lymphocytes
red pulp remaining
splenic tissue 
provides site for lymphocyte
growth and immune survey
stores some of the RBC break down  byproducts ex Fe+2
stores platelets
site of fetal erythropoeisis

Question 17

Thymus

Answer 17

bilobed, inferior neck and 
superior larynx
site where T lymphocytes
 mature 
to immunocomptetent
lobules contain :
1-outer cortex
2-inner medulla

Question 18

Tonsils

Answer 18

entrance of pharynx
collection of lymphoid
follicles
lymphoid tissue contain
follicles with germinal
centers
invaginations that form
blind ended tonsillar crypts
gather and remove many
 of the pathogens entering
 the pharynx in food or 
inhaled air
the gathered pathogens
are entered into the memory
of immune cells for future ref

Question 19

Peyer’s Patches

Answer 19

Clusters of lymphoid
 follicles are found in 
the wall of the distal
 portion of the
 small intestine
called the ileum
responsible for immune reaction within the intestinal lumen