Immune/Hypersensitivity- Mini exam 3 (09/08)

Question 1

Describe the normal immune response

Answer 1

the immune system is designed to defend the body against foreign or dangerous invaders. Any substances that are identified as non-self, particularly if they are perceived as dangerous

Question 2

List the components of the immune system, and the purpose of each

Answer 2

• the lymphoid structures
• the immune cells
• tissues

Question 3

The lymphoid structures

Answer 3

this includes the lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils, the intestinal circulation. These form the basic structure within the immune response can function

Question 4

the immune cells

Answer 4

or lymphocytes or macrophages provide the specific mechanism for identification and removal of any foreign material

Question 5

tissues

Answer 5

involving the immune production are in the bine marrow and the thymus. All immune cells originate in the bone marrow and go through maturation in both the bone marrow and the thymus. The thymus plays a big role during the fetal development. It programs the immune system to ignore self-antigens. When its process is faulty the body may attach its own tissues as non self causing an autoimmune disorder

Question 6

natural active immunity

Answer 6

pathogens enter the body and cause illness, antibodies form in host which a memory is created

Question 7

example of natural active immunity

Answer 7

chickenpox

Question 8

artificial active immunity

Answer 8

vaccine (live or attenuated organisms) is injected into person. No illness results, but antibodies form which a memory is created

Question 9

artificial active immunity example

Answer 9

person has measles vaccine and gains immunity

Question 10

natural passive immunity

Answer 10

antibodies passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection (90-120 days). No memory is created

Question 11

natural passive immunity example

Answer 11

placental passage during pregnancy or infestation of breast milk

Question 12

artificial passive immunity

Answer 12

antibodies injected into person (antiserum) to provide temporary protection or minimize severity of infection, creates no memory

Question 13

artificial passive immunity example

Answer 13

gammglobulin if recent exposure to microbe

Question 14

clinical signs of type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 14

the signs and symptoms occur on the second exposure because the first exposure to the allergen causes the only formation of antibodies and sensitized mast cells

Question 15

Hay fever/ allergic rhinitis

Answer 15

an allergic reaction in the nasal mucosa causes frequent sneezing, copious amount of water secretions from the nose, and itching. Because the nasal mucosa is continuous with the mucosa of the sinus, the conductive of the eyelid, the eyes are frequently red, watery and pruritic as well. Hay fever is usually seasonal because it related to plant pollen in the air. Some people are susceptible to multiple allergens such as mold or dust and can have them all year

Question 16

food allergies

Answer 16

can be manifested in several ways when an inflammatory reaction occurs in the mucosa of the digestive tract resulting in nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Some cases food allergies may cause a skin rash called hives. Severe cases the hives develop in the Pharyngeal mucosa and may obstruct airflow

Question 17

Atopic dermatitis/eczema

Answer 17

chronic skin condition often with a genetic component. Common in babies and young children. May occur on the face, trunk, or extremities. Associated with ingested foods, irritating fabric, or dry atmosphere. Could go into remission but recur in adulthood

Question 18

Asthma

Answer 18

a lung disorder, asthma may result from an allergic response in the bronchial mucosa that interferes with airflow

Question 19

Serum sickness

Answer 19

refers to the systemic reaction that occurs when immune complex deposits occur in many tissues (not common anymore)

Question 20

Arthus

Answer 20

a localized inflammatory and tissue necrosis that results in the blood vessel walls causing vasculitis

Question 21

skin effects of anaphylaxis

Answer 21

pruritus, tingling, warmth, hives, histamine and chemical mediators irritate sensory nerves

Question 22

respiration effects of anaphylaxis

Answer 22

difficulty breathing, cough, wheezing, hight feeling, chemical mediators cause contraction of smooth muscle in bronchioles, edema, and increased secretions, leading to narrow airways and lack of oxygen

Question 23

cardiovascular effects of anaphylaxis

Answer 23

decreased BP, chemical mediators cause general vasodilation, with rapid, weak pulse, perhaps irregular leading to low BP, sympathetic nervous system responds to increasing rate

Question 24

Central nervous system effects of anaphylaxis

Answer 24

anxiety and fear (early), weakness, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. Early sympathetic response, later, lack of oxygen to the brain because of low blood pressure and respiratory obstruction

Question 25

mechanisms of autoimmune disorder

Answer 25

autoimmune disorders occur when the individual develops antibodies to their own cells or cellular material and T antibodies attach to individual tissues

Question 26

primary deficiencies

Answer 26

involves a basic developmental failure somewhere in the system (ex in the bone marrow production of stem cells), the thymus, of the synthesis of antibodies. Many defects results from a genetic or congenital abnormality and are first noticed in children which may cause associated problems that affect other organ systems

Question 27

example of primary deficiency

Answer 27

X-Linked hypogammaglobulin (low antibody levels because of B cells defect) or developmental disorders Digeorge syndrome (hypoplasia of the thymus)

Question 28

secondary deficiency

Answer 28

acquired immunodeficiency - refers to the loss of the immune response, loss of immunity could result from infection, particular viral infection, splenectomy, malnutrition, or liver disease

Question 29

examples of secondary deficiency

Answer 29

- the use of immunosuppressive drugs with cancer is a result of malnutrition and blood loss as well as the effect of treatment - stress and too high gf an emotional state is also known to cause temporary immunodeficiency

Question 30

effects of secondary deficiency

Answer 30

immuno deficiency predisposes pts to the development of opportunistic infections by normally harmless microorganisms. The infections are difficult to treat, they are often a rise from flora in the body

Question 31

B cell

Answer 31

humoral

Question 32

T cell

Answer 32

cell mediated

Question 33

HIV

Answer 33

HIV destroys helper T cells, causing the loss of the immune response and increased susceptibility to secondary infection and cancer

Question 34

Which mode of transmission is used for HIV

Answer 34

direct contact

Question 35

Describe the stages in the development and course of infection

Answer 35

acute infection and chronic infection

Question 36

acute infection

Answer 36

infectious disease fully develops clinical manifestation s, reach peak, length depends on virulence

Question 37

chronic infection

Answer 37

infection is not all eradicated. Organisms continue to reproduce in the body. Milder than acute infection, but acute episodes may reoccur

Question 38

local signs of infection

Answer 38

usually those of inflammation, pain or tenderness, swelling, redness, and warmth.

Question 39

systemic signs of infection

Answer 39

include signs and symptoms common to significant infections. Fever, fatigue, and weakness, headache, and nauseas

Question 40

Blood tests

Answer 40

variations in numbers of leukocytes, differential count, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Question 41

culture and staining

Answer 41

using specific clinical specimens, drug sensitivity tests

Question 42

immunologic testing

Answer 42

testing body fluids for antigen identification and antibody tiler