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Immune response part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define immunity

A

System that protects individual against invasion by microorganisms and foreign substances

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2
Q

what must immunity be able to do

A

Must recognize and destroy invaders – BUT do no damage to normal body tissue
– destruction by phagocytosis and/or membrane lysis – destruction take place at point of infection
 ability activate and move all components to the site (vascular system / lymphatic system / interstitial fluid)

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3
Q

major players in immune system

A

white blood cells, antibody and the complement system – variety of chemical mediators

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4
Q

antigen

A

– anything foreign that enters the body

– can bind to antibody and/or can bind to receptors on the T or B cells

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5
Q

target cells

A

– antigenic cells that will be destroyed by immune system

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6
Q

immunogen

A

– any substance that can stimulate an immune response – all are antigenic (can bind with antibody) – not all antigens are immunogens

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7
Q

pathogen

A

– antigen with ability to cause disease – usually microorganism or toxin

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8
Q

– antigen examples

A

 Microorganisms – bacteria / viruses / parasites / fungi / yeasts
 Allogeneic cells – cells from genetically dissimilar individual
 Malignant cells  Infected cells
– cells inhabited by viruses / certain bacteria / parasites

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9
Q

leukocytes/wbc normal count

A

Avg adult has 75 billion circulating WBCs

NORMAL COUNT: 5,000 to 10,000 per mL

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10
Q

leukocytes by percentage

A

 Neutrophiles: 40 to 75% of total
 Lymphocytes: 20 to 45% – T Cells / B Cells
 Monocytes: Up to 8%  Eosinophils: 1 to 6%  Basophils: Up to 1%

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11
Q

key leukocytes

A

 Granulocytes: Most numerous, named for granules in cytoplasm
– Neutrophils – Basophils – Eosinophils
 Monocytes: large white cells, become macrophages in body tissues
 Lymphocytes: differentiate into B- and T- cells

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12
Q

neutrophil production site, life span, how many circulate adhere to wall, fxn.

A

 Made in hematopoietic marrow  Life span = hours to days  50% circulate
 50% adhere to blood vessel wall – Margination – Ready to move into tissues
 Fxn: phagocytosis

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13
Q

neutrrophil how many produced, diameter, how they function

A

 Produce about 100 billion per day
 10-15micrometer diameter
 First to enter infected areas – Attracted via chemotaxis – Phagocytize invading organism – Die
– Phagocytized by macrophages

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14
Q

Granulocytes: Eosinophils site of production, where they appear, what they cells they destroy with what type of antibodies?

A

 Develop and mature in hematopoietic marrow
 Appear where foreign protein and parasites are
 Involved in allergic reactions  Have binding sites for specific antibodies
and complement proteins
– Designed to destroy cells coated with IgG antibodies, IgE antibodies and complement proteins

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15
Q

Granulocytes: Eosinophils where they reside, what they release, lifespan, especially effective against?

A

 Reside in tissues – Skin, bronchi, bronchioles
 Release antitoxin (Major Basic Protein) to destroy organisms
 Very effective against parasitic worms  Lifespan = 12-24 hours

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16
Q

Granulocytes: Basophils commonness, main fxn. , what kind of activity do they display

A

 Least common
 Have chemotaxis and phagocytic activity
 Main fxn: release of heparin in areas of foreign invasion to prevent blood clots from forming
– Blood clots – blood can’t circulate – WBC cannot get to foreign organism to destroy – tissue necrosis

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17
Q

Granulocytes: Basophils what they release, where they circulate, receptor type, similar to mast cells how?

A

 Also release histamine – Causes blood vessel dilation
 Circulate in blood
 Have receptors for IgE antibody.
 Similar to mast cells. – Also contain histamine granules – Also have surface receptors for IgE antibody – Do Not Circulate

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18
Q

Monocytes / Macrophages production site, circulation process, diameter, lifespan in blood/tissue

A

 Produced in bone marrow
 Circulate immature
 Leave the blood and travel to the tissues – Mature into macrophages
Actively phagocytic – Concentrated in liver sinusoids, spleen, lungs
 12-20 micrometers
 Monocytes in blood for 1-2 days
 Macrophages in tissues for months to years

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19
Q

lymphocytes fxn.

A

 Specific immune response when antigen invades
 Activated when they recognize foreign matter
 Circulate in blood  Wait in lymph nodes for antigens to
appear
 Play a role in rejection of organ transplants

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20
Q

T-Lymphocytes (aka. T-Cells) maturation process, receptor,relationship between macrophages, what they release

A

 Mature in thymus – Learn to recognize self
Attack self tissues – destroyed  Membrane receptors on T-Cells bind
protein antigens
– Need to recognize certain fragments of protein antigens
 Antigen presenting cells (ie. Macrophage) digest and display a peptide fragment on cell surface that T-cells can recognize.
 Once T-Cells recognize – bind antigen – Release cytokines (interleukins)

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21
Q

 Different types of T-cells:

A

– Helper T-Cells – Cytotoxic T Cells – Suppressor T Cells

– Memory T Cells

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22
Q

Antibody Molecules what they are, what produces them, where they are present

A

 Protein molecules: immunoglobulin  Produced by B lymphocyte cells (plasma cells) in response to a
specific antigen – after initial exposure, takes 14 days to reach full power (lag time)
 Always present in small amounts – blood & body tissues

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23
Q

5 classes of antibody molecules and what they need to bind to

A

IgG; IgM; IgD; IgA; IgE Must bind with the outer surface of the antigen to be effective
– antigen binding site unique
 Cannot cross cell membra

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24
Q

antibody molecules function

A

– opsonize antigen (mark antigen for destruction) – activate complement cascade

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25
surface of B Cells Trigger
production of antibodies
26
t cells control
immune response
27
Opsonization coating,how phagocytes interact
 Coating of antigen with antibody and complement – Provides targeting mechanism for the phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages allowing them to bind, engulf, and destroy the antigen  Provides points where the phagocytes can attach to the antigen
28
phagocytic cells two specific receptors on membrane surface
– Fc receptor: binds with antibody – C3 receptor: binds with complement
29
Ways of Antigen Destruction Mediated by Antibody
 Opsonization  Lysis – complement activation leads to production of the membrane attack complex (MAC) – the MAC will lyse the antigens membrane  Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity – cell destruction carried out by natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils of target cells opsonized by antibody  Neutralization – antibody renders the antigen toxins harmless
30
 Most antibodies fall into what class and how is class determined
``` IgG or IgM class. class determined by the amino acid arrangements in heavy and light chains – same arrangement in specific area of chain ```
31
IgM Antibody Class first antibody....
 First antibody produced against an antigen by the B cells / plasma cells – increased levels indicate new infection  First antibody produced by the fetus – increased levels indicate infection in newborn
32
IgM Antibody Class SIZE, FUNCTION, what type of antibodies are include in class
Accounts for 10 to 15% of circulating antibody  Very large – remains in vascular system  Main function to activate complement system  Can cause antigen agglutination  Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies are the IgM type  Fxn: Activate Complement
33
IgD
 Second class of antigen to be released  Not much is known about this class  Found only in small amounts in serum and body fluids  Has little immunologic effect on antigen  May assist with the maturation of B cells into plasma cells
34
IgE Antibody Class CONCENTRATION IN PLASMA, function
 Third class of antibodies released  Found in very low concentrations in plasma  Increases with allergic reactions and parasitic infections – causative agent for asthma, hay fever and other allergic reactions  Bind with basophils and mast cells stimulating them to release histamine  Involved with anaphylactic reactions
35
IgG Antibody Class percentage, what type of antibodies are in this class, fxn
 Fourth class released  Most Important  Most potent  Comprises 80% of antibody in the immune system – produced in greatest amounts on second exposure to antigen  Only antibody that can cross the placenta – provides immunologic protection for fetus – Rh antibody is an IgG antibody  Hemolytic disease of the newborn  Very effective at binding and destroying antigen
36
IgG SUBGROUPS and their fxn.
 4 subgroups: – IgG1- protects body from (most) bacteria – IgG2 – attacks and destroys organizms encased in a saccharide coat Ie. Rest of bacteria – IgG3 – activates complement proteins  Enhances phagocytosis of antigen – IgG4 – produces potent vasodilators Protects bronchioles
37
IgA Antibody Class where it's found, fxn., limitation
 Major antibody in the body fluids and mucous secreted by the mucous membranes – tears / breast milk / bronchiole secretions / saliva  Binds with antigen to immobilize it – allows mucin (main ingredient of mucous) to remove antigen-antibody complex  Cannot activate the complement system  Can trigger cell-mediated immune reactions
38
Innate Immunity charac.
 Inborn / natural  First line of defense – always present  Able to respond quickly
39
innate components and recognition
Components – epithelial barriers / phagocytes / complement / natural killer cells. Uses general recognition mechanisms to detect antigen – recognizes microorganisms – limited number of recognition proteins available  Does NOT produce long term immunity to antigen Inflammmation!!!!!!!!
40
Adaptive Immunity what they respond to , how fast/powerful
 Responds to specific antigen – can be non microbial – millions of recognition proteins  Develops after exposure to antigen  Slow response  Produces very powerful response  Lymphocytes (T & B cells) are the major players
41
Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
 Specificity – immune reaction specific for offending antigen  Diversity – lymphocytes can respond to millions of antigens  Memory – lymphocytes can remember any antigen previously  Self-regulation – lymphocytes can shut down activity after antigen is destroyed  Self-tolerance – lymphocytes can distinguish self-tissue from non self tissue
42
initiation of immune response
Immune response initiated when antigen stimulates activation of T and B cells
43
– cognitive phase
(first phase)  antigen interacts with the T lymphocytes
44
– activator phase
(second phase)  T cells respond by releasing cytokines  cytokines stimulate proliferation of T & B cells
45
– effector phase
(third phase)  granulocytes / macrophages / complement activated  antigen opsonized and engulfed
46
T cell response to antigen is called
cell mediated immunity
47
T cells must recognize ______ to respond
the antigen
48
role of T cells (7 roles)
 Direct immune response  Assist phagocytosis via release of cytokines that activate other phagocytic cells  Destroy malignant cells, allogeneic cells and infected cells via lysis  Aid B cells / plasma cells in antibody production  Involved with delayed hypersensitivity immune reactions  Cause some types of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation  Responsible for certain types of autoimmune disorders
49
t cells produced where? mature where? end up in what secondary organs?
 Produced in bone marrow  Mature in thymus – cells trained to distinguish self-tissue from non self-tissue  Leave thymus – travel to secondary lymphatic organs – lymph nodes – spleen – tonsils
50
Types of T Cells
– cytotoxic cells – helper cells – suppressor cells
51
how are t cells categorized
Categorized by protein molecules on cell membrane (i.e. CD8+ / CD4+)
52
cytotoxic t cells destroy ______ by releasing ________
virally infected cells, allogenic cells (organ transplant), malignant cells. lytic molecules
53
helper t cells release
cytokines to call other cells. do not destroy directly
54
helper t cells activated when
presented with antigen-MHC combination
55
MHC stands for
major histocompatibility complex
56
TH1:
inflammatory helper; releases cytokines that convert inactive T cells into cytotoxic T cells
57
TH2
release cytokines needed for B cell activation and antibody secretion; MUST be present
58
Suppressor T Cells
Activated to stop immune response once antigen has been destroyed
59
B Lymphocytes Produce antibody in response to
antigen – called HUMORAL IMMUNITY
60
b lymphocytes can directly recognize
carbohydrate and lipid antigens and initiate response
61
B lymphocytes must be activated by ______ before it can produce antibody against protein antigen
TH2 helper cells
62
When activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into
plasma cells
63
plasma cells produce
antibodies for the specific antigen | – antibody will be produced until antigen has been destroyed

Perf Tech (14 decks)

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