Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine year 3 > immune responses > Flashcards

immune responses Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity , which immune components are involved

A

IgE

mast cells

basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

examples of type 1 conditions

A

anaphylaxis

asthma (allergic)

allergic rhinitis (hayfever)

food and drug allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe what happens in type 2 hypersensivity

A

IgM and IgG bind to self-cells causing them to be destroyed by immune cells (NK cells or complement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cells involved in type 2 hypersensivity reactions

A

IgM, IgG

component

NK cells

cytotoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

AIHA

good pastures (Anti-GBM)

graves

myathensia gravis

rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

most abundant WBC

A

neutrophils

short lifespan 6-8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neutrophils play a main role in which part of the immune system?

A

innate immune system - immediate response to bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain type 3 hypersensivity reactions

A

complexes

inmmune complexes form (antigen-antibody) and are deposited in tissues

causing inflammaiton and tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cells involved in type 3 hypersensitivity responses

A

IgG

immune complexes

complement

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of type 3 hypersensitivity conditons

A

SLE

RA

Post-streptoccal GN

Vasculititis - e,g, polyarteritis nodosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe type 4 hypersensitivity

A

DELAYED

T-cells release cytokines

activate macrophages and cause tissue damage OVER TIME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cells involved in T4 hypersensivity

A

T-cells CD4 and CD8

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

comon T4 hypersensivity conditions

A

T1DM

MS

Contact dermatitis - poision ivy

TB - skin (mantoux test)

Crohns disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

: Fast allergic reactions (IgE-mediated) → anaphylaxis, asthma.

what response

A

T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antibody-mediated cell destruction (IgG/IgM) → hemolytic anemia, Graves’ disease.

what response?

A

T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Immune complex-mediated inflammation → lupus, rheumatoid arthritis.

A

Type 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T-cell-mediated delayed response → type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis.

A

type 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two phases of T1 hypersensitivity response

A
  1. Sensitization Phase (First Exposure to Allergen)
  2. Effector Phase (Subsequent Exposure & Histamine Release)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dendritic cells or macrophages are APC

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

APCs process the allergen and present it on their surface using MHC class II molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

r

responsible for generating most fever symptoms

A

IL-1

major enodgenous pyrogen

sereted by macrophages -to stimulates, T/B cellls and neutorphils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pyogenic

A

refers to anything that produces pus or is associated with pus formation

-> indicates bacterial infection -> pus consists primilariy of expended neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

most specific antibody for SLE

A

anti-double stranded DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

antibodys associated with syjogrens

A

anti Ro/La

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
antibody associated with systemic scelrosis
Anti-centromere
25
most specific antibodies of Rheumatoid arthritis
anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP)
26
severe combined immunodeficiency is ?
dimisnished T cells / abnormal B-cells BOTH affecteded Xlinked or autosomal low total lymphocyte count < 2
27
What is Burtons disease (agammaoglobuinaemia)
NO B-cells Xlinked BTK mutation in burton tyrosine gene
28
wiskott aldrish syndrome - what is it
X linked b and t cell dysfunction WASP gene mutation (bacterial infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia - bleeding)
29
hyper-IgM syndrome
X linked - can only produce IgM cannot differieniate
30
absence of B-cells
burtons (agammaglobulinaeamia)
31
selective IgA deficiency is associated with
coeliac disease
32
hyper IgM syndrome
X-linked can only produce IgM failure to deferientiate
33
wiskott aldrish syndrome
X linked low B and T cells 1. infection 2. ecemza 3. bleeding
34
most common primary immunodeficiency
common variable immunodeficiency
35
causes of decreased antibody production
malnutrition drugs malignancy infection
36
causes of antibody loss
nephrotic syndromes burns protein losing enteropathy
37
features of thalassaemia
jaundice, splenomegaly poor growth and development
38
pathophysiology of sickle cell
Autosomal recessive condition causing mutation on HBB gene on chromosome 11, forming HbS Results in crescent shaped RBCs, which are more prone to destruction & can block vessels
39
diagnosis of sickle cell
New born screening @ 5 days Definitive diagnosis is by haemoglobin electrophoresis
40
management of sickle cell
Hydroxycarbamide – increases HbF production Pneumococcal vaccine every 5 years
41
painful sickle cell crisis
Obstruction of vessels by sickle cells Triggered by dehydration, infection and deoxygenation (high altitude)
42
acute chest syndrome
Dysponea, chest pain, low PO2, pulmonary infiltrates on CXR Emergency – hydration, antibiotics, resp support and analgesia
43
aplastic crisis in sickle cell
Sudden drop in haemoglobin Can be triggered by parvovirus B19 Supportive management, transfusion may be required
44
how is haemophilia inherited
X linked recessive disorder A – VIII, B – IX
45
presentation of haemophilia
problem with clotting factors - secondary haemostasis * Hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints - swollen knee) * Intracranial bleeds, cord bleeding * Prolonged bleeding
46
what is passive immunity
where a person receives pre-formed antibodies rather than producing them through their own immune system. This provides immediate but temporary protection against infections. 1. natural - from mother 2. injection of antibodies
47
what is natural passive immunity
**Transfer of antibodies from mother to baby ** - Placental IgG transfer during pregnancy - Breast milk (IgA) takes Weeks to months (until antibodies degrade)
48
what is artifical passive immunity
**Artificial Passive Immunity Injection of antibodies - ** - Antitoxins (e.g., tetanus, diphtheria antitoxin) - Monoclonal antibodies (e.g., COVID-19 treatment, RSV prevention) - Immune globulin therapy (e.g., Rabies, Hepatitis B immunoglobulin) ***Short-lived (few weeks to months)***
49
characteristics of passive immunity
✔ Immediate protection – Useful in emergency infections. ✔ No memory response – Does not activate the recipient’s immune system. ✔ Temporary – Antibodies degrade over time, requiring repeated administration if needed.
50
What molecule trigger type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE
51
what is active immunity
Immunity produced by the body in response to infection or vaccination. The body produces its own antibodies.
52
active immunity results in creation of memory cells a. true b. false
a. true Yes, the body creates memory cells that remember the pathogen and respond faster upon re-exposure. helps in long-term protection.
53
speed of response in active immunity
Slower, as the body needs time to recognize and fight off pathogens and produce antibodies.
54
key difference in active/passive immunity
Active immunity is the body's natural or vaccine-induced response that creates lasting protection and memory. Passive immunity is short-term and doesn’t involve the body’s immune system creating its own response; it relies on receiving ready-made antibodies from an external source.
55
origin of b-cells and where mature
bone marrow
56
function of b-cells
humerol immunity = produce antibodies
57
what activates b-cells
antigens or Th cells (t-helper)
58
b-cells and t-cells can form memory cells
true
59
types of B cells
plasma cells memory cells
60
b cells interact with MHC a. true b. false
b. false
61
function of t-cells
Cell-mediated immunity (kill infected cells, help B cells)
62
how are t- cells activated
APCs antigen presenting cells
63
do t-cells have memory cells
yes
64
types of t-cells
helper t cells cytotoxic regulartoy
65
do t-cells interact with MHC
yes both class I and II
66
response time of innate immune system
Immediate (minutes to hours)
67
response time of adpative immune system
Delayed (days to weeks)
68
specity of innate immune system
Non-specific, recognizes general patterns (e.g., PAMPs)
69
specificity of adapative immune system
Highly specific to individual pathogens
70
memory of innate immune system v adapative
innate- - No memory (response is the same each time) adaptive - Has memory (faster and stronger response upon re-exposure)
71
components of innate immune system
Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), phagocytes, NK cells, complement system
72
components of adaptive immune system
T cells, B cells, antibodies, antigen-presenting cells
73
how is the innate system activated
Triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
74
how does the innate system respond
Inflammatory response, phagocytosis, complement activation
75
speed of activation of adapative immune system
Slower, requires time for activation and differentiation
76
main cells in innate immune system
Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells
77
First line of defense, prevents spread of pathogens
innate immne system
78
Phagocytosis, inflammation, complement system
innate immune system
79
Antibody production, cell-mediated cytotoxicity
adaptive immune system
80
response time T4 reactions
48-72 hours
81
response time of T2 and T3 reactions
hours to days varies
82
response time of T1 reactions
immediate
83
mediators of T4 reactions
T cells (CD4 and CD8) T cells cause tissue damage through inflammation
84
Immune complexes deposit in tissues, causing inflammation is what hypersensitivity?
T3 IgG nd IgM complexes with antigen SLE/RA
85
Antibodies target cells, causing destruction is what reaction
T2 Haemolyic anaemia good pastures - anti-GBM IgM and IgG target self-cells
86

Medicine year 3 (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions