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Medicine year 3 > immunology 1 > Flashcards

immunology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In the treatment of anaphylaxis, you can repeat adrenaline every 5 minutes

a. true
b. false

A

a.true

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2
Q

contact dermatitis is what type of hypersensitivty reaction

A

delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (Type IV)

skin patch test

After 48 hours, the patches are removed and any skin reactions are assessed. A positive reaction typically presents as redness and swelling at the site where the allergen was applied.

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3
Q

when do type 1 hypersensitivity reactions occur

A

immediately IgE mediated

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4
Q

first-line treatment for anaphylaxis.

A

adult dose is 500 micrograms (0.5ml of 1:1000 adrenaline) given into the anterolateral thigh. IM administration provides rapid absorption but is safer than the intravenous route.

given IM

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5
Q

Refractory anaphylaxis is defined as respiratory and/or cardiovascular problems persisting despite 2 doses of IM adrenaline

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

initiate IV adrenaline infusion

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6
Q

treatment of refractory anaphylaxis

A

IV adrenaline (under expert guidance)

+ IV fluid bolus

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7
Q

most commonly utilised test for confirming a diagnosis of anaphylaxis

A

Serum mast cell tryptase

Elevated levels indicate mast cell degranulation, which occurs in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions are responsible for anaphylaxis and its associated clinical manifestations.

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8
Q

Skin prick testing is testing for immediate urticaria formation (i.e. a type I hypersensitivity reaction).

a. true
b.false

A

a. true

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9
Q

Skin prick testing is testing for immediate urticaria formation (i.e. a type I hypersensitivity reaction).

Skin patch testing is looking for delayed onset dermatitis (I.e. a type IV hypersensitivity reaction).

a. true
b.false

A

a.true

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10
Q

anaphylaxis is what type of hypersensitivity response

A

type 1 -

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11
Q

treatment for anaphylaxis

A

oxygen - 15l/m and nebulised salbutamol

**IM adrenaline 10mcg/kg or EPIPen (junior 150mcg) if out of hospital
**
gain IV access and fluid resus if needed (20ml/kg 0.9% saline)

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12
Q

where do myeloid cells mature

A

within the bone marrow

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13
Q

where do b-lymphocytes mature

A

within the bone marrow

and then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they differienitate

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14
Q

where do t-lymphocytes mature

A

migrate to the thymus to mature

migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they differienitate further

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15
Q

physical barriers

A

skin

mucosa

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16
Q

chemical barriers

A

HCL in stomach

lysozymes in sweat , tears,

lactic acid in the vagina

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17
Q

tasked with the immediate response to infection - its actions begin at the site

A

innate immune system

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18
Q

which cells activate the innate immune system

A

macrophages (recognise pathogen and activate)

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19
Q

role of dendritic cells

A

pick up antigens and present antigen on their surface membrane - and transport to site of B and T cells (LNs and MALT) to facilitate immune response

MALT- mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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20
Q

pathogens can directly activate the complement system

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

via lectin pathway and alternative pathway

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21
Q

what effects do cytokines have

A

released by macrophages

-> vasodilation
-> increased vascular permeability
-> mast cell degranulation
-> activate clotting system
-> activate kinin system

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22
Q

interlukins are released during acute phase reaction with pathogen

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

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23
Q

what are major histocompaibility complexes 1

A

cell surface proteins which are vital for presentation of both antigens and self-markers to the immune system

MHC-1 are present on the surface of ALL nucleated cells (and platelets - exception)

will signal something is wrong if host cell is damaged -> can be destroyed

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24
Q

MHC-2 is present were?

A

only on antigen presenting cells

-> dendritic cells

-> macrophages

-> b-cells

present to T-cells

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25
what are the parts of the innate immune system
Physical barriers: Skin, mucous membranes, and other physical structures that prevent pathogen entry. Phagocytes: White blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages that engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens. Natural killer (NK) cells: Cells that can destroy infected or cancerous cells. Inflammation: A response to infection or injury that helps to isolate pathogens and promote healing. Complement system: Proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens.
26
There are two types of adaptive immunity:
1. humeral immunity (mediated by B cells) 2. cell-mediated (mediated by T-cells)
27
explain humeral immunity (mediated by B-cells)
B cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that specifically recognize and bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction. Antibodies can neutralize toxins, prevent pathogens from entering cells, and enhance phagocytosis. Memory B cells are produced after an infection or vaccination, which can provide long-lasting immunity.
28
explain cell-mediated immunity (t-cells)
T cells are responsible for directly killing infected cells or activating other immune cells. Helper T cells (CD4+) coordinate the immune response by stimulating B cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) directly destroy infected cells by recognizing specific antigens presented on the cell's surface. Memory T cells are also formed after an infection and can provide long-term immunity.
29
type of immunity that is immediate, nonspecific, and does not change over time.
innate immune system
30
T cells (CD4+)
Helper T cells (CD4+) coordinate the immune response by stimulating B cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells.
31
T cells (CD8+)
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) directly destroy infected cells by recognizing specific antigens presented on the cell's surface.
32
CD8+ cyctoxic killer t-cells role?
bind to infected cells (when antigens are bound to MCH-1) release perforin - which makes a hole in the membrane of the infected cells and enzymes result in its destruction
33
CD4+ t-helper cells role? | Th1, Th2, Th12, tfh
recognise antigens bound to MHC-2 therse activate other immune cells and sitmulate B-cells to differieniate into plasma cells to produce antibodys
34
Th1 role (T-helper cell 1)
activates macrophages
35
Th2
activates eosinophils
36
Th-17
activates neutrophils
37
Tfh
stimulate b-cells
38
where do B cells get made and where do they mature
both in the bone marrow
39
b-cells differientiate into?
plasma cells -> produce antibodys GAMED
40
first antibody to be produce
IgM
41
antibody found in the mucus membranes (respiratory , GI, urogenital tract)
IgA (mucosal associated lymphod tissue - MALT) mucus , salvia, tears and breast milk contain IgA
42
antibody involved in parasite immune responses
IgE
43
transient hypogammaglobulinema of the infancy occurs when?
< 4 slow to synthesize ***IgG *** (huge dip when maternal IgG runs out between 3-6 months)
44
slow to synthesize ***IgG *** (huge dip when maternal IgG runs out between 3-6 months)
transient hypogammaglobulinema of the infancy
45
XL brutons disease | mutation in B-> burtons tyrosine kinase gene -
< 4 - X linked (boys) no B-lymphocytes*** -> no plasma cells -> no antibodies | B -> no B cells ## Footnote no immunoglobulins of ALL classes
46
hyper IgM syndrome
IgM is the 1st antibody to be produced but cannot class switch -> high IgM but low IgG and IgA | mutation in CD40 gene (switching gene)
47
most common primary antibody deficiency
common variable immune deficiency -> recurrent chest infections and low antibody levels -> autoimmune disroders disagnosed once adult usually
48
'Selective IgA deficiency' is a condition commonly associated with?
coeliac disease undetectable or low serum IgA - with normal IgG and IgM
49
when is G-CSF injections given
to those undergoing chemo to prevent neutropenia - is a protein that stimulates bone marrow to produce WBCs and stem cells
50
causes of acquired neutropenia
cytotoxic drugs leukaemia aplastic anaemia infections
50
leucocyte adhesion deficiency
leukocytes dont adhere to the enodthelial cells and cant get into tissues
51
delay in umbilical cord sloughing is associated with
leucocyte adhesion deficiency
52
deficiency associated with angioedema is linked to what complement
hereditory angioedema deficiency of C1
52
chronic granulomatous disease occurs when
lackof NADPH oxidase reduces the ability of the phagocytes to produce reactive oxygen species phagocytes engulf but cannot destroy the pathgogens via phagocytosis | x-linked, penumonitis reoccurs , granulomas
53
what cells are low in di-george syndrome
CD3
54
CATCH 22 for digeorge
C- congenital heart disease A- abnormal faces T- thymic hypoplasia (thymus is abnormal and does not produce normal CD3 levels) C- cleft palate H - hypocalcaemia 22p 11.2 deletion | t-cells affeceted because thymus
55
Wiskott-aldrich syndrome is dysfunction of? and triad of symptoms
combined B and T cell dysfunction 1. recurrent bacterial infections 2. eczema 3. thrombocytonpania - bleeding
56
57
most important allele in minising risk of graft rejection in renal transplant
HLA - DR
58
describe type 4 sensitivity - time to respond and cell mediated by
Delayed 24-72 hours for reaction T-cell mediated
59
how is type 4 sensitivty tested for
skin patch -> exposure to anitgen for period of time results in contact dermatitis -> mantoux TB -> biopsy is rare
60
how does type 4 reaction occur
dendritic cells present antigens /delivered to CD4+ cells -> become t helper cells -> cytokines -> macrophages recruited -> proinflammatory cytokines -> localised inflammation
61
62
contact dermatitis what kind of sensitivity reaction
4
63
what is humerol immunity ChatGPT said:
the aspect of the adaptive immune response that is mediated by antibodies (also called immunoglobulins, Ig). These antibodies are produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell, and are responsible for defending the body against extracellular pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and toxins. -> b cell activation
64
Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce large quantities of antibodies specific to that antigen. a. true b. false
a. true
65
where is IgA found
Found in mucosal areas (e.g., respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts), provides protection against infections in these areas.
66
where is IgG found
The most abundant antibody in blood and extracellular fluid, responsible for long-term immunity and protection.
67

Medicine year 3 (38 decks)

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