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Immune Responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Complement?

A

System of interacting proteins that play a role in innate immunity & inflammation

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2
Q

What do Membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement do?

A

Defends against gram-negative bacteria

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3
Q

What is the Classic pathway of activation of complement?

A

IgG or IgM mediated

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4
Q

What is the Alternative pathway of activation of complement?

A

Microbe surface molecules

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5
Q

What is the Lectin pathway of activation of complement?

A

Mannose or other sugars on microbe surface

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6
Q

What is the function of C3b?

A

Opsonization

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7
Q

What is the function of C3a & C5a?

A

Anaphylaxis

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8
Q

What is the function of C5a?

A

Neutrophil chemotaxis

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9
Q

What is the function of C5b-9?

A

cytolysis by MAC

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10
Q

What are the two 1° opsonins in bacterial defense?

A

C3b & IgG

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11
Q

What does C3b help clear?

A

Immune complexes

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12
Q

What are the inhibitors of complement?

A

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) & C1 esterase inhibitor help prevent complement activation on self cells

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13
Q

What is C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency?

A

Hereditary angioedema

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14
Q

What is CI w/ C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency?

A

ACE inhibitors

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15
Q

What is C3 deficiency?

A

Severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus & resp tract infections

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16
Q

What does C3 deficiency inc susceptibilty to?

A

Type III hypersensitivity reactions

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17
Q

What is C5-C9 deficiency?

A

Recurrent Neisseria bactermia

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18
Q

What is DAF (GPI anchored enzyme) deficiency?

A

Complement-med lysis of RBC’s & paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

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19
Q

Which cytokines are secreted by macrophages?

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
  • IL-8
  • IL-12
  • TNF-alpha
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20
Q

What is IL-1?

A

An endogenous pyrogen

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21
Q

What does IL-1 cause?

A

Fever & acute inflammation

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22
Q

What does IL-1 activate?

A

Endothelium to express adhesion molecules; induces chemokine secretion to recruit leukocytes

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23
Q

What is IL-6?

A

Endogenous pyrogen

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24
Q

What is IL-6 secreted by?

A

Macrophages & Th2 cells

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25
What does IL-6 cause?
Fever & stim production of acute-phase proteins
26
What is IL-8?
Major chemotactic factor for neutrophils
27
What is IL-12?
Induces indifferentation of T cells into Th1 cells & activates NK cells
28
What is IL-12 secreted by?
Macrophages & B cells
29
What does TNF-alpha do?
* Mediats septic shock * Activates endothelium * Causes leukocyte recruitment & vascular leak
30
Which cytokines are secreted by all T cells?
IL-2 & IL-3
31
What does IL-2 do?
Stim growth of helper, cytotoxic & regulatory T cells
32
What does IL-3 do?
Supports the growth & differntiation of bone marrow stem cells. Functions like GM-CSF
33
Which cytokines are secreted by Th1 cells?
Interferon-gamma
34
What does Interferon-gamma do?
* Activates macrophages & Th1 cells * Suppresses Th2 cells * Has antiviral & antitumor properties
35
Which cytokines are secreted by Th2 cells?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-10
36
What does IL-4 do?
* Induces differentiation into Th2 cells * Promotes growth of B cells * Enhances class switching to IgE & IgG
37
What does IL-5 do?
* Promotes differentiation of B cells * Enhances class switching to IgA * Stim the growth & differentiation of eosinophils
38
What does IL-10 do?
* Modulates inflammatory response * Inhibits actions of activated T cells & Th1
39
What is IL-10 secreted by?
Th2 cells & regulatory T cells
40
What are interferons (alpha, gamma, ß)?
Proteins that place uninfected cells in an antiviral state
41
What do interferons induce?
Production of a rionuclease that inhibits viral protein synthesis by degrading viral mRNA (but not host mRNA)
42
How do interferons interfere w/ viruses?
Activates NK to kill virus-infected cells
43
How do alpha & ß interferons interfere w/ viruses?
Inhibits viral protein synthesis
44
How do gamma-interferons interfere w/ viruses?
Inc MHC I & II expression & Ag presentation in all cells
45
All cells except ___ \_\_\_ have MHC I.
Mature RBCs
46
What are the cell surface proteins for T cells?
* TCR * CD3 * CD28
47
What does TCR bind to?
Ag-MHC complex
48
What is CD3 assoc w/?
TCR for signal transduction
49
What does CD28 bind to?
B7 on APC
50
What are the cell surface proteins for Helper T cells?
CD4, CD40 ligand
51
What is the cell surface for Cytotoxic T cells?
CD8
52
What are the cell surface proteins for B cells?
* Ig * CD19 * CD20 * CD21 * CD40 * MHC II * B7
53
What does Ig bind?
Antigen
54
What is CD21 a receptor for?
EBV
55
What are the cell surface receptors for Macrophages?
* CD14 * CD40 * MHC II * B7 * Fc & C3b receptors (enhance phagocytosis)
56
What are the cell surface receptors for NK cells?
CD16 & CD56
57
What does CD16 bind?
Fc of IgG
58
What is CD56?
Unique marker for NK
59
What is Anergy?
Self-reactive T cells become nonreactive w/o costimulatory molecule. B cells also become anergic but tolerance is less complete than in T cells
60
Which bacteria have Superantigens?
*S. pyogenes & S. aureus*
61
What do Superantigens do?
Cross-link the ß region of the T-cell receptor to the MHC class II on APCs
62
What can Superantigens activate?
Any T cell l/t massive release of cytokines
63
Which bacteria contain endotoxins/lipopolysaccharides?
Gram-negative bacteria
64
What do endotoxins/lipopolysaccaride do?
Direclty stim macrophages by binding to endotoxin receptor CD14; Th cells are not involved
65
What are some mech for Ag variation?
DNA rearrangement & RNA segment reassortment
66
What are some classic examples of bacteria Ag varation?
* Salmonella (2 flagellar variants) * Borrelia (relapsing fever) * Neisseria gonorrheae (pilus protein)
67
What is a classic example of virus Ag variation?
Influenza (major= shift, minor=drift)
68
What is a classic example of parasite Ag variation?
Trypanosomes (programmed rearrangement)
69
What are the means of acquisition in Passive immunity?
Receiving preformed Ab's
70
What are the means of acquisition in Active immunity?
Exposure to foreign Ag's
71
What is the onset of Passive immunity?
Rapid
72
What is the onset of Active immunity?
Slow
73
What is the duration of Passive immunity?
Short span of Ab's (half-life=3 weeks)
74
What is the duration of Active immunity?
Long-lasting protection (memory)
75
What are examples of passive immunity?
* IgA in breast milk * Antitoxin * Humanized monoclonal Ab
76
What are examples of Active immunity?
* Natural infection * Vaccines * Toxoid
77
When are patients given preformed Ab's (passive)?
After exposure to Tetanus toxin, Botulinium toxin, HBV or Rabies virus
78
When can combined passive & immunizations be given?
Case of hepatitis B or rabies exposure
79
What are vaccines used for?
Induce an active immune response (humoral &/or cellular) to specific pathogens
80
What is a Live attenuated vaccine?
Mircoorganism loses its pathogenicity but retains capacity for transient growth w/in inoculated host
81
What does live attenuated vaccine mainly induce?
Cellular response
82
What are the Pros & Cons of a live attenuated vaccine?
* **_Pros_**: induces strong, often life-long immunity * **_Cons_**: may revery to virulent from
83
What are some examples of live attenuated vaccines?
* Measles * Mumps * Polio (Sabin) * Rubella * Varicella * Yellow fever
84
What are Inactivated or killed vaccines?
Pathogen is inactivated by heat or chemicals; maintaining epitope structure on surface Ag is important for immune response
85
What is induced by inactivated or killed vaccine?
Humoral immunity
86
What are the Pros & Cons of inactivated or killed vaccine?
* **_Pros_**: stable & safer than live vaccines * **_Cons_**: weaker immune response; booster shots usually required
87
What are some examples of inactivated or killed vaccine?
* Cholera * Hepatitis A * Poli (Salk) * Rabies

Immunology (7 decks)

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