Immune System

Question 1

what is the function of the immune system?
what are the two systems within the immune system?

Answer 1

-helps fight off bacteria and viruses that causes diseases
-the innate system and the adaptive system

Question 2

innate immune system includes?
-what line of defense is this?

Answer 2

-nonspecific defenses that work against a wide range of infectious agents
-includes both physically barriers that keep out foreign particles and organisms along with cells that attack invaders
-it is the first line of defense against infections

Question 3

the adaptive immune system does what?
-what line of defense?

Answer 3

it learns to respond only to specific invaders
(beta cells and t-cells)
-second line of defense

Question 4

what is the first line of defense in the immune system?

Answer 4

the innate system which contains barriers like the skin, openings, urethra, mucus, earwax, chemical barriers (low pH, salt, enzymes) and cellular barriers of commensal micro-organisms

Question 5

what are they underlying mechanisms behind vaccines? what is introduced?

Answer 5

-memory B-cells
-they introduce a harmless version of a pathogen into the body to activate the body’s adaptive immune response

Question 6

when pathogens enter the body, what do they attempt to do?
-what does the body do?

Answer 6

replicate and cause an infection
-the body mounts a number of nonspecific repsonses

Question 7

the body’s initial response to a pathogen is?

Answer 7

-inflammation which increases blood flow to the infected area which then increases the presence of white blood cells also called leukocytes

Question 8

what is a leukocyte?

Answer 8

white blood cells

Question 9

what is antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 9

it is an innate response which destroys bacteria by interfering with the functions of their membrane or DNA

Question 10

what is interferon?

Answer 10

it is an innate response, proteins which causes nearby cells to increase their defenses and interfere with the production of new viruses

Question 11

what are antigens?

Answer 11

molecules that the adaptive immune system rely on that appear on the surface of pathogens to which the system has previously been exposed
-are displayed on the surface of cells by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 12

what are T-cells?

Answer 12

in the cell-mediated response, they destroy any cell that displays an antigen

Question 13

what are B-cells?
-they produce?

Answer 13

in the antibody-mediated response, they are activated by antigens
-they produce plasma cells, which in turn releases antibodies

Question 14

where will antibodies bind?

Answer 14

-only to specific antigens and destroy the infected cell

Question 15

memory B-cells are

Answer 15

created during infection, allowing the immune system to respond more quickly if the infection appears again. product of antigen activation

Question 16

what are the type of granulocytes?

Answer 16

-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil

Question 17

neutrophil:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?

Answer 17

-granulocytes
-first responders that quickly migrate to the site of infections to destroy bacterial invaders
-innate
-very common

Question 18

eosinophil:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?

Answer 18

-granulocytes
-attack multicellular parasites
-innate
-rare

Question 19

basophil:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?

Answer 19

-granulocytes
-large cell responsible for inflammatory reactions including allergies
-innate
-very rare

Question 20

B-cells:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?

Answer 20

-lymphocytes
-respond to antigens by releasing antibodies
-adaptive
-common

Question 21

T-cells:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?

Answer 21

-lymphocytes
-respond to antigens by destroying invaders and infected cells
-adaptive
-common

Question 22

natural killer cells:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?

Answer 22

-lymphocytes
-destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells
-innate and adaptive
-common

Question 23

macrophage:
-apart of?
-role?
-innate or adaptive?
-prevalence?

Answer 23

-monocytes
-engulf and destroy microbes, foreign substances and cancer cells
-innate and adaptive
-rare

Question 24

autoimmune disease will attack?
-what is allergy?

Answer 24

healthy tissues
-when the immune system attacks harmless particles

Question 25

an infection that will attack the immune system itself is

Answer 25

HIV aka human immunodeficiency virus attacks helper T-cells eventually causing AIDS

Question 26

inflammation increases the blood flow to the damaged area, which does what? -inflammatory response is when? and apart of what kind of response?

Answer 26

-increase its temp and bringing WBC to the site -blood vessels dilate and WBC and fluids are sent out to the area of infection. apart of the innate system

Question 27

are antibodies part of the innate system?

Answer 27

-no

Question 28

what is the role of monocytes in wounds?

Answer 28

-they digest pathogens

Question 29

what are histamines?

Answer 29

-they are a chemical that is released causing an increase in blood flow to the area and the number of WBC called phagocytes destroy the unknown bacteria -apart of innate response

Question 30

the innate system helps remove? and begin?

Answer 30

-remove foreign invaders and begin healing process

Question 31

lymphatic system, WBC and antibodies are apart of?

Answer 31

-adaptive defense

Question 32

what is passive immunity?

Answer 32

-when the body is exposed to antibodies that have been made by another individual , such as mother passes antibodies through her child with breastmilk or placenta

Question 33

what is active immunity?

Answer 33

-when the body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection and is usually longer lasting than passive

Question 34

what is a kupffer cell and where is it found?

Answer 34

it is a macrophage, large WBC, that is found in the liver

Question 35

what is dust cells and where is it found?

Answer 35

it is a macrophage, that is found in the lungs

Question 36

why is the lymph system so important for the functioning of the immune system?

Answer 36

because the lymphatic system carries pathogens from the blood through lymph

Question 37

where are B and T cells located?

Answer 37

in the lymph nodes and are activated when pathogens is encountered

Question 38

during the inflammatory response, what happens

Answer 38

-histamine is released which causes a increase in blood flood including phagocytes which destroy bacteria

Question 39

cellular vs humoral response

Answer 39

-cellular: destroys infected cell -humoral:destroys pathogens found in body fluids using antibodies secreted by B cells

Question 40

what do the adaptive immune system remember?

Answer 40

pathogens which turn into signature molecule called antigens

Question 41

what are APCs?

Answer 41

antigen-presenting cells (such as macrophages) which digest pathogens and present the pathogen's antigen signature to "helper" T cells

Question 42

after APC's present pathogens to helper T cells, what happens?

Answer 42

depending on the antigen, either a B cell or a cytotoxic T cell is activated

Question 43

what do helper T cells produce to activate a cytotoxic T cell?

Answer 43

cytokines

Question 44

if cytotoxic T tells are activated what do they do?

Answer 44

search out and destroys any cell that contains the pathogen's antigen signature

Question 45

what can helper T cells active?

Answer 45

B cells and induces it to multiply rapidly into secretory cells called plasma cells which then will produce large amounts of antibodies that can bind to antigens

Question 46

what does the antibody from the plasma cell from the B cell allow the body to do?

Answer 46

-it allows the body to remember a specific antigen that way if the antigen appears again, this triggers the memory cells to form plasma

Question 47

B cells clone into?

Answer 47

memory cells which allows the body to remember a specific antigen so that when the antigen appears again, the memory cells form plasma and produces the specific antibody

Question 48

passive vs active immunity -both? -passive -active?

Answer 48

-both can be induced artificially -passive introduces antibodies from another source that can rapidly neutralize toxins, like rapid treatment for a snakebite -active introduces antigens like vaccinations

Question 49

what does HIV infects

Answer 49

helper T cells and prevents the activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells and prevents adaptive immune system from operating

Question 50

overactive immune system causes?

Answer 50

causes the body to overproduce huge amounts of histamine release from mast cells which result in allergy symptoms to harmless particles

Question 51

what are autoimmune disease and examples of it?

Answer 51

immune system mistakenly attacks the body includes type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis