Immune System Flashcards
A patient has had a liver transplant. The patient is not adherent to taking their anti-rejection medications, and as a result, the liver fails. The rejection of the liver by the body is an example of:
Alloimmune disease
People with HIV are diagnosed with AIDS if they have a CD4 count of less than:
200 cells/mm^3
Healthcare workers with infection should be restricted from client care until at least 24 hours after adequate treatment for this very common bacterial infection:
Group A Streptococcus
The most common transmission of HIV in adult females is the result of:
Heterosexual intercourse
Innate Immune System
Non-specific
Can have a very quick response
No memory
Monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells
Adaptive Immune System
Specific
Slow response
Memory
B and T cells, or lymphocytes
Combination of both systems; innate and adaptive use
Macrophages and dendritic cells
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
(Never Let Monkey x2Eat Bananas)
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes (B and T)
Monocytes and Macrophages
Eosinophils
Erythrocytes and Thrombocytes
Basophils and Mast cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Kill cells infected with viruses, other intracellular microbe-infected cells and tumor cells
Respond by releasing cytotoxic granules and by secreting cytokines
Mononuclear Phagocytes and Granulocytes
Readily ingest pathogens and kill them to protect against infection
2 principle families: Neutrophils and monocytes
Susceptibility to infection due to decrease in absolute numbers of these cells in the blood
Antigen presenting cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells
What is the first line of defense?
Innate immunity
What is the innate immunity capable of?
Resolving most threats
comprised of early host defense mechanisms
External defenses of Innate immunity
Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that provide protection against invaders;
Skin, mucus, peristalsis, coughing, sneezing, stomach acid, ear, wax, tears, saliva, pH
Internal defenses of Innate immunity
*Cells: Phagocytes + Macrophages
->NK (mast cells) ->Apoptosis (degrade + get recycled)
*Soluble factors and cellular components
*Physiologic responses
-Fever
-Fatigue and decreased appetite (causing the host to slow down and relax)
What is the second line of defense?
*Inflammatory response
Vascular response
Plasma Protein Systems
Complement System (Cytokines)
What is the third line of defense?
*The specific Immune System (Adaptive)
Adaptive Immunity
-Humoral immunity
-Cell-mediated immunity
Passive acquired immunity
Antibody-mediated Immunity
*Active-you create antibodies;
-Natural -contact and infection with antigen (environmental exposure); usually permanent/may be temporary
-Artificial -inoculation of antigen (vaccination); usually permanent/may be temporary
OR
Passive-you receive antibody;
-Natural-contact with antibody transplacentally (mother to fetus) or through colostrum and breast milk; temporary
-Artificial-inoculation of antibody or antitoxin; immune SERUM globulin; temporary
How does Adaptive immune response happen?
Cell mediated (T-cell immunity)
Humoral (B-cell immunity)
Where do B-cells and T-cells Mature?
B-cells (Bone marrow)—>Become Plasma cells–>Antibodies->Memory->Destroy
T-cells (Thymus)—>Have memory–>Call in B-cells
Dendritic cells: stay in and hold on to antibodies and antigens =Memory
Immunodeficiency
The immune response is absent or depressed as a result of a primary or secondary disorder
What is the primary and secondary disorder of immunodeficiency?
*Primary reflects a defect involving T CELLS, B CELLS, or lymphoid tissue
*Secondary results from an underlying DISEASE or factor that depresses or blocks the immune response
Primary immune deficiencies are…
genetically determined and are either innate host defense or adaptive immunity, which can be humoral or cellular
What are the primary immune deficiencies consequences?
single gene defect, mutations that are sporadic rather than inherited;
defect occurred before birth, manifestations occur either early or late depending on the disease
