immune system

Question 1

what are the types of immunity

Answer 1

innate and adaptive

Question 2

what is the 1st line of defense in innate immunity

Answer 2

skin, mucous membranes, secretions

Question 3

what is the 2nd line of defense in innate immunity

Answer 3

• White blood cells capable of phagocytosis
• Antimicrobial proteins (i.e. histamines, cytokines)
• The inflammatory response

Question 4

what are white blood cell’s role in using phagocytosis (engulfing)

Answer 4

• Attack infectious cells (i.e. bacteria)
• Clean up dead cells and debris from current infections

Question 5

what are the characteristics of inflammatory response

Answer 5

• Response to ANY foreign entity (nonspecific)
• This is why you feel sick or pain
• Symptoms can vary depending on scenario:
• warm, swelling, pus, fever, pain

Question 6

what is the 3rd line of defense

Answer 6

adaptive immunity

Question 7

explain adaptive immunity/3rd line of defense

Answer 7

• Adaptive immunity arises due to the presence of antigens.
• An antigen is a specific entity (molecule/virus/bacteria/allergen) that elicits an immune response to specific immune cells called lymphocytes.
  2 Main Types of Lymphocytes:
• B Cells and T Cells

Question 8

Humoral (adaptive)

Answer 8

• B cells - Memory and plasma cells
• Production of antibodies to aid in destruction of pathogen (disease agent)
• In fluids of body (lymph/blood)

Question 9

cell mediated (adaptive)

Answer 9

• T cells - Helper T cells and Killer T cells
• Destruction of infected cells and agents
• Uses phagocytosis and apoptosis mechanisms

Question 10

what are antibodies

Answer 10

Antibodies are molecules produced by B cells that aid in recognizing, tagging, and neutralizing specific antigens.

Question 11

where are antibodies found

Answer 11

-They are found floating in the blood and on the surface of some types of B Cells

Question 12

how do antibodies work

Answer 12

-Each antibody produced has a chemically unique region that is only capable of binding one region on a specific antigen

Question 13

what are antibodies a result of

Answer 13

humoral cell response

Question 14

when does humoral cell response start

Answer 14

When an antigen binds the antibody on the surface of a B cell

Question 15

what does humoral cell response trigger

Answer 15

the growth of more B cells and the recruitment of plasma cells to produce more antibodies

Question 16

how do we gain immunity

Answer 16

Thanks to our B cells, if we are exposed a second time to the antigen, we will have an immediate response and production of antibodies to neutralize the infection.

Question 17

How do we actively fight infection

Answer 17

Cell mediated immunity

Question 18

Antibiotics & drugs

Answer 18

• Perforates or disrupts the making of the cell wall of a bacterium: causes cytoplasm to leak and bacterium dies.
• Can disrupt DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
• For example: penicillin, amoxicillin, such as cephalexin, erythromycin azithromycin (Zithromax)

Question 19

Vaccines

Answer 19

• Long term immunity.
• Uses body’s own immunity to make antibodies to prevent against future exposure to a specific antigen.
• For example: tetanus, tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, measles, COVID-19