Bio Chem Slides

Question 1

what are the big 4

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Question 2

what connect monomers to each other to create polymers

Answer 2

covalent bonds

Question 3

how are polymers formed

Answer 3

dehydration synthesis

Question 4

how can polymers be broken

Answer 4

hydrolysis

Question 5

what is dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

when 2 monomers join together by losing water (H2O) to create a polymer

Question 6

what is hydrolysis

Answer 6

when a polymer splits into monomers through gaining water (H2O)

Question 7

what do carbs serve as

Answer 7

sugars that serve as a main source of energy

Question 8

what elements to carbs contain

Answer 8

C, H, O

Question 9

what is the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in carbs

Answer 9

2:1 (2 H for every 1 O)

Question 10

what nomenclature do carbs often follow

Answer 10

ending in ose
ex: glucose, fructose, sucrose

Question 11

what are the 3 types of carbs

Answer 11

• monosaccharides (simplest sugars: monomers)
• disaccharides (2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis)
• polysaccharides (3 or more monosaccharides joined together into longer chains)

Question 12

What specific functional group is involved in the formation of water

Answer 12

OH (hydroxyl)

Question 13

what is glucose

Answer 13

C6H12O6

Question 14

what do simple sugars provide

Answer 14

short term energy for an organism

*Cells can more readily uptake monosaccharides and utilize them for energy processing

Question 15

what do polysaccharides provide

Answer 15

“long” term energy storage for organisms

Question 16

what do some polysaccharides provide for cells

Answer 16

structural support

Question 17

what are lipids/what do they serve as

Answer 17

hydrophobic molecules that provide energy and structural benefits for organisms (THEY ARE NOT POLYMERS)

Question 18

what elements do lipids contain

Answer 18

C,H, and O

Question 19

Since lipids contain way fewer oxygen than carbs, what does this make them?

Answer 19

insoluble and (mostly) nonpolar

Question 20

what are the 4 types of lipids

Answer 20

• Fats
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Waxes

Question 21

what do fats provide

Answer 21

energy and protection for organisms

Question 22

what 2 smaller molecules do fats contain

Answer 22

• Fatty acids (2 or more)
• Glycerol

*ex: a triglyceride contains 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

Question 23

how are fats formed

Answer 23

dehydration synthesis

Question 24

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 24

Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

Question 25

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 25

contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond

Question 26

what are fatty acids

Answer 26

monomers of fats

Question 27

what are the functions of fats

Answer 27

-Fats provide long-term energy storage for organisms -Fats can provide protection and insulation (help with homeostasis)

Question 28

what are phospholipids made of

Answer 28

-Glycerol -Phosphate group -2 Fatty acid tails: 1 unsaturated, 1 saturated -Polar and non-polar regions

Question 29

what are phospholipids major components of

Answer 29

cell membranes

Question 30

what are proteins

Answer 30

polymers made up of amino acids

Question 31

what cell functions do proteins contribute to

Answer 31

-cell structural support -cell storage -cell transport -cell to cell signaling/communication -cellular movement -defense -biochemical processes - catalysts -Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Question 32

what is the C-N covalent bond

Answer 32

peptide bond

Question 33

what elements do proteins contain

Answer 33

C,H,O,N,(S)

Question 34

how are peptide bonds formed

Answer 34

dehydration synthesis

Question 35

what builds proteins

Answer 35

amino acids

Question 36

how many amino acids are there

Answer 36

20

Question 37

what differentiates between amino acids

Answer 37

each R group side chain is chemically unique

Question 38

how many levels of protein structure are there

Answer 38

4 *primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Question 39

1°-Primary protein structure

Answer 39

Dependent on the order of the amino acids. They join together covalently to form a polypeptide chain.

Question 40

2°-Secondary protein structure

Answer 40

Repeated folding due to hydrogen bonding between amine and carboxyl groups of non-adjacent amino acids -Formation of α-helices and β-sheets

Question 41

3°-Tertiary protein structure

Answer 41

-Coiling and folding to create a complex 3D shape -Interactions between R-groups: hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions -Contributes to unique function of the protein

Question 42

4°-Quaternary protein structure

Answer 42

-Multiple polypeptide chains form larger protein complex, held together by a variety of bonds

Question 43

what is protein function dependent on

Answer 43

the presence of specific amino acids and their interactions.

Question 44

what do nucleic acids make

Answer 44

DNA and RNA

Question 45

what are nucleic acids

Answer 45

polymers consisting of monomers called nucleotides

Question 46

what elements do nucleic acids contain

Answer 46

C,H,O,N, P

Question 47

what stores and expresses genetic information

Answer 47

nucleic acids

Question 48

what are nucleotides made of

Answer 48

-A pentose sugar -A phosphate group -A nitrogenous base (A,T,C, or G)

Question 49

how do nucleotides join together

Answer 49

dehydration synthesis

Question 50

Nucleotides stack to form...

Answer 50

helices and build polymers of DNA or RNA

Question 51

when nucleotides stack together, their polymers build...

Answer 51

deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acid or ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 52

Biological structures and catalysts

Answer 52

proteins

Question 53

Biological energy storage and structural components

Answer 53

carbohydrates and lipids

Question 54

what are the six most common elements contained in biological organisms

Answer 54

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur ‘CHONPS’