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Biology 3 4 > Immune System 2 (chapters 7-8) > Flashcards

Immune System 2 (chapters 7-8) Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Physical Barriers in Plants (1st LoD)

A

Bark
Waxy Intact Cuticle
Cellulose Cell wall
Thorns

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2
Q

Physical Barriers in Animals (1st LoD)

A

Intact Skin
Mucous Membrane

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3
Q

1st Line of Defence

A

Prevents entry of foreign mateial using physical and chemical barriers
Located on body’s surface

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4
Q

2nd Line of Defence

A

Non specific cellular and molecular responses to pathogens

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5
Q

Chemical Barriers in plants (1st LoD)

A

Peppermint oil - acts as antibacterial chemical
Citronella oil - Protects against fungi and bacteria

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6
Q

Mechanical Barriers (reflexes) (1st LoD)

A

Sneezing
Coughing
Vomiting
Diarrhoeia
Flushing Tears
Flushing Urine

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7
Q

Chemical Barriers in Humans (1st LoD)

A

Hydrochloric Acid in Stomach
Lysozyme in Tears

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8
Q

Microbiota barriers (1st LoD)

A

‘Microbes’ in the gut
exist in mutualistic relationship with person
prevent growth of colonies of other bacteria by outcompeting for nutrients, adhesion sights and secreting antimicrobial chemicals preventing growth of pathogenic bacteria
In return, the immune system tolerates their presence

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9
Q

Attenuated Vaccines

A

Whole Pathogen Vaccine
Contains whole bacteria or virus weakened through genetic modification or other means
- Can reproduce (unless virus)

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10
Q

Deactivated Vaccines

A

Whole Pathogen Vaccine
Contains whole bacteria or virus which has been killed so it CANNOT reproduce

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11
Q

mRNA Vaccines

A

Nucleic Acid Vaccine
Use RNA in a lipid membrane.
The RNA, once inside a cell, enters the ribosome, where it is ranslated to make the protein

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12
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Non Specific Immunity
1st and 2nd Line of Defence
Same for all infections
No ‘Memory’

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13
Q

Inflammation Symptoms

A

Physical condition
Reddened, swollen, hot painful reaction to injury/infection
Inflammation followed by discharge of pus

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14
Q

Inflammatory Response

A
  • Blood vessels in the area around the damaged tissue dilate, causing an increase in blood supply to the area. (Vasodilation)
  • The blood carries phagocytes to the area. Phagocytes also come from interstitial fluids surrounding the damaged tissue.
  • Phagocytes release cytokines into the damaged tissues, which attracts more phagocytes to the area.
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15
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf bacteria
Use cytokines to signal other Phagocytes to attack bacteria

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16
Q

Neutrophils

A

Respond to cytokines
Use phagocytosis to engulf bacteria
Main producer of pus

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17
Q

Mast Cells

A

Cause vasodilation - making cells bigger

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18
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Produce antigen material and present it on cell surface to other cells in the immune system
Act as messengers between innate and adaptive immune systems
Initiate Immune Response

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19
Q

Eosiniphils

A

Granulocytes that are present in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts
Assist in defending against larger parasitic agents that are too large to be phagocytoses
Contain granules with toxic chemicals and histamine
Upon contact with pathogen, degranulation results in toxic chemicals being released.

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20
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Lymphocytes that kill virus infected body cells or tumour cells
Release toxic granules into abnormal cells to kill them
Cytotoxic (Cell Killing)

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21
Q

Complement Proteins

A

Made in liver, circulate bloodstream inactively
When activated:
- Attract Phagocytes
- Mark bacteria for destruction (Phagocytosis)
- Form cell destroying Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

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22
Q

Interferons (INFs)

A

Signalling molecules released from virus infected host cells
- Cause nearby cells to heighten antivirus defence
- Cells stimulated by INFs prouce various enzymes to inhibit protein synthesis

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23
Q

Self Antigens

A

From within the body
Tolerated by the immune system

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24
Q

Non Self Antigens

A

From external environment
Identified as invaders and attacked by the immune system

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25
Cellular Pathogen
microorganisms that are composed of cells Bacteria Fungi Worms Protozoa
26
Non Cellular Pathogen
microorganisms that are not composed of cells Prions Viruses
27
Allergens
A type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response to a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.
28
Role of Lymphatic System
The functions of this system include the absorption of excess interstitial fluid and its return to the blood stream, absorption of fat from the small intestines and the prevention of disease (main transport system for APCs and the main location of clonal selection.)
29
Role of Lymph Nodes
Substances that could be harmful to the body, such as bacteria or cancer cells, are trapped and removed by the lymph nodes.
30
Adaptive Immune Response to Intracellular Threat (Cell Mediated)
Antigen Presenting Cells concurrenlty initiate selection of T Helper and Naive T Cells Naive T Cells stimulated by cytokines (from Th) and undergo clonal expansion and differentiation Clones differentiate into either Cytotoxic T Cells or Memory T Cells Upon contact with infected cell, T Cell binds to antigen MHC I complex This induces secretion of cytotoxic chemicals to induce Apoptosis
31
Prolipherate
Makes a large amount
32
Adaptive Immune Response
Specific immunity 3rd Line of defence Specific to particular infections Long Term ‘Memory’
33
Herd Immunity
Resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity of a high proportion of individuals
34
ICONA
Imoblization Complement Activation Opsonization (MAC) Neutralization Agglutination
35
MHC I markers
MHC I markers are found on almost all body cells. There role is to present a fragment of an antigen to alert the immune system if it becomes infected
36
Agglutination
Antibodies can bind together with antigens on 2 seperate pathogens Makes it easier for Phagocytes to recognise pathogens and destroy them
37
Imobilization
Antibodies can restrict movement of Pathogens around the body through formation of large antigen antibody complexes
38
Artificial Immunity
Artificial is acquired from medical technology to purposely give immunity
39
Adaptive Immune Response to Extracellular Threat (Humoral)
1) Antigen Recognition 2) Antigen Presentation 3) Clonal Selection 4) Differentiation 5) Attack
40
MHC II markers
Role is to activate other parts of the immune system if an infection is detected anywhere on the body Found only on: - dendritic cells - macrophages - B cells
41
Natural Immunity
Results from unintentional exposure to antigen by interaction with other biological entities
42
Active Immunity
When a persons own immune system produces their antibodies
43
Passive Immunity
When someone has antibodies produced by someone else’s immune system
44
Role of B Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that mature in Bone Marrow Produce self antibodies Once mature, move to circulatory and lymphatic systems Part of Humoral Response Fight infection outside of the cell
45
Role of Helper T Cells
They help activate B cells Helper T cells recognise an antigen only when it is presented to them on MHC II markers They can also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
46
Role of Cytotoxic T Cells
A cytotoxic T cell is a T lymphocyte that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways Cytotoxic T cells only recognise antigens presented on MHC I markers
47
Role of T Lymphocyte
Lymphocytes that mature in Thymus gland T-Lymphocytes circulate in the blood and are also found in the Spleen and Lymph Nodes Fight infection within the cell as part of the Cell Mediated Response
48
Imobilization
Antibodies can restrict movement of Pathogens around the body through formation of large antigen antibody complexes
49
Complement Activation
Antibodies bind to cancer cell and interact with complement proteins Compliment proteins can then go on to destroy cancerous cell either through MAC, or enhancing the function of other immune cells
50
Opsonization
Antibodies stick on the outside surface of pathogens and make it easier for cells of the immune system, such as phagocytes, to recognise them as foreign
51
Neutralization
Antibodies binding to pathogen to inhibit toxic effects
52
Agglutination
Antibodies can bind together with antigens on 2 seperate pathogens Makes it easier for Phagocytes to recognise pathogens and destroy them
53
Lymphocytes
white blood cells that arise from Mitosis in stem cells in bone marrow
54
Cellular (2nd LoD)
Phagocytes: - Neutrophils - Macrophages - Dendritic Cells Natural Killer Cells Mast Cells
55
Non Cellular (2nd LoD)
- Complement Proteins - Cytokines - Inflammation - Fever
56
Membrane Attack Complex
a pore formed by complement proteins in the cell membrane of a pathogen, disrupting the membrane and leading to the pathogen’s destruction
57
B memory cells
provide the immune system with long-lasting memory.
58
3rd LoD
Cell Mediated Immunity T Cells
59
Humoral Step 1. Antigen Recognition
Antigen Binds to B cells with complementary receptor
60
Humoral Step 2. Antigen Presentation
B Cell internalizes and displays processed epitope
61
Humoral Step 3. Clonal Selection
Interleukin stimulates B Cell to rapidly divide, forming a clone
62
Humoral Step 4. Differentiation
Some cells of the clone become Memory B cells Most become Plasma cells
63
Humoral Step 5. Attack
Plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibody Antibody employs means to render antigen harmless
64
Primary Lymphoid Tissue
Responsible for roduction and maturation of lymphocytes
65
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue
Responsible for maintanence of mature lymphocytes

Biology 3 4 (9 decks)

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