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Biology 3 4 > pGLO Experiment SAC > Flashcards

pGLO Experiment SAC Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Independant Variable

A

The variable you change

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2
Q

Dependant Variable

A

The variable that changes basedd on the independant variable

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3
Q

Systematic Error

A

Error due to faulty equipment or calibration

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4
Q

Personal Error

A

Mistake/Miscalculation made by experimenter

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5
Q

Random Error

A

Errors caused by unpredictable and unaviodable variations

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6
Q

Control Variable

A

Variable that’s held constant through research

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7
Q

Polymerase Enzyme

A

An enzyme that builds a polymer

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8
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Synthesies DNA in a 5’ to 3’ ratio using an existing strand as a template

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9
Q

Taq Polymerase

A

DNA polymerase taken from bacteria Thermus Aquaticus
Optimum functional temperature is 72 degress

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10
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme that joins molecules , including DNA or RNA together, by catalysing the formation of Phosphodiester bonds

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11
Q

Endonuclease

A

Enzyme that cuts sugar-phosphate bonds between nucleotides

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12
Q

Palindrome

A

Sequence of double stranded DNA that reads the same on both strands in a 5’ to 3’ direction
eg:
5’ AGT|ACT 3’
3’ TCA|TGA 5’

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13
Q

Blunt Ends

A

Clean cut down the middle
eg:
AGC|ACT
TCG|TGA

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14
Q

Sticky Ends

A

Cut anywhere other than down the middle
GACGT|C
C|TGCAG

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15
Q

Polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides to DNA or RNA, which can lead to copying entire genes (amplifies sections)

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16
Q

Primer

A

Short, single strand of nucleic acids that acts as a starting point for polymerase enzyme to attach

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17
Q

Monomer

A

Molecule

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18
Q

What way does the polymerase enzyme read and synthesise complementary strands

A

in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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19
Q

Restriction Endonuclease

A

Cuts DNA/RNA at specific restriction sight

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20
Q

Why transform bacteria?

A

Genetically modifying bacteria to produce human proteins has revolutionised modern medicine and agriculture

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21
Q

Plasmid

A

Small, circular loop of DNA separate from the chromosome, typically found in bacteria

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22
Q

Recombinant Plasmid

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A

Circular DNA vector that is ligated to incorporate a gene of interest

23
Q

Bacterial Transformation

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A

process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment. Used to introduce recombinant plasmids into bacteria

24
Q

Genetic Modification

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A

manipulation of an organism’s genetic material using biotechnology

25
Insulin
Hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels
26
Diabetes
Disease where the body cannot properly produce or respond to insulin
27
Vector
means of introducing foreign DNA into an organism. Plasmids are a popular vector in bacterial transformation
28
Antibiotic Resistance Gene
Gene which confers antibiotic resistance
29
Antibiotic
Destroys bacteria
30
Origin of Replication
Sequence found in prokaryotes that signals the start site of DNA replication
31
Reporter Gene
Gene with an easily identifiable phenotype that can be used to identify whether a plasmid has taken up a gene of interest
32
Heat Shock
Method of promoting recombinant plasmid uptake involving rapidly increasing and decreasing temperature to increase membrane permeability to enhance the likelyhood of bacterial transformation
33
Electroporation
Methods of promoting recombinant plasmid uptake that involves delivering an electric shock to bacterial membranes to increase membrane permeability and likelyhood of bacterial transformation
34
Fusion Protein
Protein made when separate genes have been joined and are transcribed and translated together
35
Restriction Enzymes
Cut DNA (6 base palindromic sequence)
36
Steps to Creating Recombinant Plasmids
1) Choose restriction enzyme 2) Choose a plasmid 3) Using restriction endonuclease 4) Making a recombinant plasmid 5) Transforming Bacteria 6) Identifying and Culturing Bacteria
37
Recombinant
Organism or DNA molecule containing DNA from more than one species
38
1) Choosing Restriction Enzyme
Endonuclease is chosen to cut upstream and downstram of gene, leaves stick ends
39
2) Choosing a plasmid
Plasmid is chosen that has 2 genes that each encode observable traits Of these, one must contain the restriction site
40
3) Using Restriction Enzyme
Same restriction enzyme used to cut both source gene, and the plasmid
41
4) Making a recombinant plasmid
When source gene and plasmids are mixed, source gene may incorperate into plasmids, creating a recombinant A plasmid containing foreign 'passenger' DNA is caleld 'recombinant'
42
5) Transforming Bacteria
Bacteria made competent to take up plasmid - only some bacteria will take up plasmid - only some will take up RECOMBINANT plasmid
43
6) Identifying and Culturing Bacteria
Growing bacteria on agar plate can help determine whether the bacteria has taken up a plasmid Bacteria that haven't taken a plasmid want to be able to grow, though lack the resistance gene
44
Lawn
Covered in bacteria
45
Colonies
Small patches of bacteria
46
No growth
No bacteria - lacks resistance gene
47
Overhanging Nucleotide
unbonded nucleotides on the ends of DNA strand resulting from a staggered cut (sticky ends)
48
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction Denaturation Anneale Elongation
49
Extraneous Variable
factor that is not accounted for, as is not kept constant through the experiment
50
Methodology
strategy followed in a scientific investigation
51
Method
the steps taken within an investigation
52
Accuracy
Results match the expectation for the experiment (may not be precise although)
53
Precision
Results are all close together, (may not be accurate although)

Biology 3 4 (9 decks)

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