Immune System Flashcards Preview

Anatomy > Immune System > Flashcards

Flashcards in Immune System Deck (13)
Loading flashcards...
0
Q

Inflammatory Response

A
  • nonspecific immunity
  • heat, redness, pain, swelling
  • by increased blood flow and vascular permeability
  • helps phagocytic WBCs reach area
1
Q

Nonspecific Immunity

A
  • aka innate immunity
  • attack any irritant that threatens internal environment
  • general protection
  • skin and mucous membranes, tears and mucus
  • phagocytosis of bacteria by WBC
  • more rapid than specific immunity
2
Q

Specific Immunity

A
  • aka adaptive immunity
  • specific protection
  • selective
  • 2nd exposure
    • no serious symptoms, organism quickly destroyed
  • slow compared to nonspecific
3
Q

Types of Specific Immunity

A

Natural-not deliberate, occurs in everyday exposure
Artificial-immunization, deliberate exposure
Active-individual’s own immune system responds to harm
-natural or artificial
Passive-immunity to individual not previously immune
-temporary and provides immediate protection

4
Q

Antibodies

A
  • protein compounds normally present in body
  • combining sites–>concave regions on surface
  • ability to combine with antigen

Antigen
-compounds with molecules with small regions on surfaces uniquely shaped to fit combining sites of specific antibody

5
Q

Antibody Function

A
  • antibodies produce humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
    • antibody binds to specific antigen and makes it harmless
      • by neutralizing or agglutination
    • then destroyed through phagocytosis

Complement Cascade

  • when antigen and antibody form complex, expose 2 regions
    • complement-binding sites
  • permits complement proteins to initiate series of event to kill cell
6
Q

Complement Proteins

A
  • group of protein enzymes, usually inactive in blood
  • activated by exposure of complement-binding sites
  • specialized proteins that target foreign cells for destruction
  • end result of complement cascade
    • doughnut-shaped protein rings formed
    • bore holes in foreign cell and cell bursts due to pressure
  • attract immune cells to infection site
  • activate immune cells
  • mark foreign cells for destruction
  • increase permeability of blood vessels
7
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • antibodies ‘flag’ foreign material to alert phagocyte
  • neutrophils–>migrate out of blood, short-lived, pus mostly dead
  • monocytes–>migrate out of blood, dev. into macrophages
  • macrophages–>’wander’ to engulf found bacteria
  • dendritic cell (DC)-help protect

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

  • macrophages and DCs
  • ingest a cell, remove antigen and display it on cell surface
  • triggers immune responses in other immune cells
8
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • responsible for antibody production
  • continually patrol, searching out enemy cells
  • circulate in body’s fluids
  • most numerous cells of immune system
9
Q

B Lymphocytes-Development

A

1) Transformation of stem cells into immature B cells
- in liver and bone marrow (only bone in adults)
- mature and leave tissue
- enter blood and transported by blood to lymph node

2) B Cell Activated
- when comes into contact with specific antigen
- divides rapidly to create clones
- plasma cells–>effector, secrete lg. # of antibody into blood
- memory cells-secrete antibodies, not immediately
- remain in lymph until contact with antigen

10
Q

B Lymphocytes-Function

A
  • indirectly produce humoral immunity
  • plasma cells are antibody factories of body
    • formed on ER
  • the more antibodies, the more antigens neutralized
11
Q

T Lymphocytes-Development

A

1) In Thymus Gland
- stem cells from bone marrow to thymus
- then migrate to lymph nodes

2) Contact with antigen
- binds and activates and creates clones
- effector cells–>actively engage in immune response
- memory cells
- don’t engage
- produce additional clones including more effector T cells

12
Q

T Lymphocytes-Function

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity
-resistance to disease from action of cells

Cytotoxic T Cells

  • kill infected cells and tumour cells directly
  • release lethal poison when bound to antigen

Helper T Cells
-indirectly attack by releasing compounds in area and attracting macrophages

Regulatory T Cells

  • shut down immune response when finished
  • prevent inappropriate immune reactions