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Flashcards in Skeletal System Deck (24)
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0
Q

Bone Classification

A

Compact Bone
-dense, looks smooth and homogeneous

Spongy Bone
-small, needle-like pieces of bone, lots of open space

Long Bones

  • shaft with heads and both ends, mostly compact
  • limbs

Short Bones
-cube-shaped, mostly spongy, wrist, ankle

Flat Bones

  • thin, flattened, usually curved
  • 2 layers of compact sandwiching spongy
  • skull, ribs, sternum

Irregular Bones

  • all other bones
  • vertebrae, hip bones
1
Q

Functions of Bones

A

1) Support
- internal framework
- legs are pillars to support trunk

2) Protect
- soft body organs
- skull, vertebrae, rib cage

3) Move
- skeletal muscles use bones as levers

4) Storage
- fats and minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

5) Blood Cell Formation
- hematopoiesis
- within marrow cavities

2
Q

Gross Anatomy of Long Bone

A

Diaphysis

  • shaft, makes up bone’s length
  • compact bone

Periosteum
-fibrous, connective tissue covering and protecting diaphysis

Epiphyses

  • ends of long bone
  • compact bone enclosing spongy bone

Articular Cartilage

  • glassy, hyaline cartilage which covers external surface
  • provides smooth, slippery surface to decrease joint friction

Epiphyseal Line

  • thin line of bony tissue in adults spanning epiphysis
  • remnant of epiphyseal plate

Medullary Cavity

  • cavity of shaft to store adipose tissue
  • yellow marrow
  • adults

Red Marrow
-cavity of shaft to form RBC in infants

Endosteum
-thin membrane lining medullary cavity

3
Q

Microscopic Structure-Compact Bone

A
  • outer layer hard and dense, appears solid
  • osteons
    • structural units of matrix
    • aka haversian systems
  • concentric lamella
    • each osteon composed of calcified matrix arranged in layers
4
Q

Microscopic Structure-Spongy Bone

A
  • aka cancellous bone
  • porous, end of long bone
  • many spaces, filled with marrow
  • trabeculae
    • needle-like threads of spongy bone
5
Q

Microscopic Structure-Bones in General

A
  • osteocytes (bone cells)
  • lacunae
    • little spaces between hard layers of lamellae where mature bone cells lie
  • canaliculi
    • tiny passageways which connect lacunae with each other and central canal in each osteon
    • how nutrients move from vessel to osteocytes
6
Q

Cartilage

A
  • more of intercellular substance than of cells
  • fibers embedded in firm gel (not cement of bone)
  • chondrocytes
    • cartilage cells located in lacunae, suspended in matrix
  • nutrients must diffuse through matrix to get to cells
  • rebuilds itself very slowly
7
Q

Bone Formation

A

-aka ossification
-use hyaline cartilage from fetus as ‘model’
-cartilage covered with bone matrix by bone-forming cells (osteoblasts)
-enclosed cartilage is digested, forming medullary cavity
-most bones converted by birth
except articular cartilage, epiphyseal plates and nose plate
-growth ceases when all epiphyseal cartilage becomes bone

8
Q

Bone Growth

A
  • new cartilage forms on external face of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
  • old cartilage broken down and replace with bony matrix
  • controlled by growth and sex hormones
  • ends during adolescence
9
Q

Bone Remodeling

A
  • osteoclasts break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into blood
  • calcium deposited in bone matrix
  • occurs when increased strength required by bulky muscles
  • bones must respond to pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton
  • bones dynamic and active tissue
  • elderly and bed-ridden lose mass and atrophy
10
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • bones of center (skull, spine, chest)

- 80 bones

11
Q

Axial-Skull-Cranial Bones

A
  • frontal (forehead)
  • parietal (bulging topside)
  • temporal (lower sides and around ears)
  • occipital (back)
  • sphenoid (central part of floor)
  • ethmoid (floor of cranium)
12
Q

Axial-Skull-Facial Bones

A
  • nasal (upper bridge of nose)
  • maxilla (upper jaws)
  • zygomatic (cheeks)
  • mandible (lower jaw)
  • lacrimal (medial wall of eye socket)
  • palatine (roof of mouth)
  • inferior nasal concha (inside wall of nose)
  • vomer (lower back nasal septum)
13
Q

Axial-Skull-Ear

A
  • malleus (hammer)
  • incus (anvil)
  • stapes (stirrup)
14
Q

Axial-Skull-Other

A

-sinuses (cavities within cranial bones)
paranasal (openings in nose)
-sutures (immovable joints)
-fontanels (soft spots, areas where ossification incomplete)

15
Q

Axial-Vertebral Column

A
  • cervical (upper 7 in neck)
  • thoracic (next 12, attach to ribs)
  • lumbar (next 5, small of back)
  • sacrum
    • in child, 5 separate
    • in adult, all fused as 1
  • coccyx
    • in child, 3-5 separate
    • fused in adult
  • curves
    • concave–>inward and forward, cervical and lumbar
    • convex–>opposite, thoracic and sacral
    • give strength to support and balance
16
Q

Axial-Thorax

A
  • true ribs
    • upper 7 pairs, attached to sternum
  • false ribs
    • lower 5 pairs, 3 to sternum, 2 floating
  • sternum (breastbone)
17
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • bones of appendices and what they connect to

- 126 bones

18
Q

Appendicular-Upper Extremity

A
  • pectoral girdle (shoulder)
    • clavicle (collarbones)
    • scapula (shoulder blades
  • humerus (upper arm)
  • radius (thumb side of forearm)
  • ulna (pinky side of forearm)
  • carpal bones (wrist, 16)
  • metacarpals (palm, 10)
  • phalanges (fingers, 28)
  • sternoclavicular joint (between clavicle and sternum)
19
Q

Appendicular-Lower Extremities

A
  • coxal bone (hips)
  • femur (thighs)
  • patella (kneecap)
  • tibia (shin bone)
  • fibula (lateral side)
  • tarsals (heel and back, ankle, 14)
  • metatarsals (main foot, arches, 10)
  • phalanges (toes, 28)
  • pelvic girdle
    • connects legs to trunk
    • one bone in adult
    • 3 in infant (ilium, ischium, pubis)
  • arches
    • medial longitudinal (inside part of foot)
    • lateral longitudinal (outer edge of foot)
    • transverse/metatarsal (across ball of foot)
20
Q

Joints-Synarthroses

A
  • fibrous connective tissue between articulating bones
  • holds them together
  • ex. sutures between cranial bones
21
Q

Joints-Amphiarthroses

A
  • cartilage connects articulating bones

- ex. between 2 pubic bones, between vertebrae

22
Q

Joints-Diarthroses

A
  • freely movable joints
  • consist of joint capsule, layer of cartilage over ends
  • capsule
    • fibrous connective tissue, lined with synovial membrane
    • permits movement
  • ligaments
    • strong fibrous connective tissue
    • grow out of periosteum
  • articular cartilage absorbs joints
  • bursa
    • pouch alongside joint formed by synovial membrane
    • shock-absorbing cushion
23
Q

Types of Joints

A

Hinge-2 directions, flexion and extension
Pivot-permits rotation
Saddle-like saddle
-permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition
-only one is thumb
Condyloid-condyle (oval) fits into elliptical socket
Ball and Socket-widest movement, hip, shoulder
Gliding-least movable, between vertebrae