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immune system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of immune system

A

distinguish self from non-self
protect body against foreign substances
provide nonspecific immunity
provides specific or acquired immunity

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2
Q

Components of immune system

A

lymphoid organs & tissues including:

adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, ileum (lymph nodes), liver

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3
Q

bone marrow

A

produces B & T cell

B cells mature here

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4
Q

Thymus

A

T cells mature here

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5
Q

lymph nodes

A

trap & process antigens

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6
Q

spleen

A

filters antigens from blood- provide systemic protection

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7
Q

liver

A

reduces amount of toxins that could impair GI lining- filters all blood from GI system

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8
Q

mucosa- associated lymphoid tissues (lining respiratory digestive & urogenital tracts)

A

provide lymphocyte response to nearby tissue

helps to kill pathogen

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9
Q

antigen

A

substances that stimulate an immune response
antibody generator
something that triggers an immune response
any foreign body in body that does not have cell surface marker

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10
Q

Major Histocompatability Complex

A

cell surface proteins that provide cell to cell communication regarding the presence of antigens

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11
Q

Antibodies

A

immunoglobulins or proteins that recognize antigens

Types: IgA,G, M, D, E

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12
Q

IgA

A

prevents attachment of virus & bacteria to epithelial tissues
located in mucous areas in body- mouth, saliva, tears

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13
Q

IgG

A

gamma globulin is most abundant

cross the placenta for fetal immunity

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14
Q

IgM

A

first circulating antibody made by the newborn

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15
Q

IgD

A

initiates blood immune response

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16
Q

IgE

A

involved in inflammation and allergic response

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17
Q

lymphocytes

A

mononuclear immunocytes that provide humoral & cell-mediated immunity
recognize & activate specific immune responses
provides T & B cells

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18
Q

monocytes

A

migrate into tisues where they mature into macrophage

Large mononuclear phagocyte providing phagocytosis

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19
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that contain infections & help to initiate immunological responses
Large mononuclear phagocyte providing phagocytosis

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20
Q

neutrophil

A

segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte (multinucleated)
squeeze through capillary walls & into infected tissue where they kill the invaders and then engulf the remnants by phagocytosis
Primary responders in innate immune system response

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21
Q

Basophil

A

segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte (multinucleated)

contribute to inflammation

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22
Q

eosinophil

A

segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte (multinucleated)
usually second to reach site
contain harmful chemical (get as close as can to site, then release chemical to try to kill as much as they can)
More active in parasitic infection

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23
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

large granular lymphocytes kill some tumors & some virus-infected cells without prior exposure
can be use to treat cancers

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24
Q

Cytokines

A

regulator proteins that modulate the reaction of the host to antigens
triggering response
include: interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony stimulating factors

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25
Interferons
produced by virally infected cells early in infection to limit the spread of the infection protect neighouring (non-infected) cells from invasion inhibit tumor growth trigger the signal, cell that has been invaded will signal other cells to bump up their defenses
26
What is the first responder of the lymphocytes?
neutrophil
27
1st line of defense
external barriers prevent the infecting agent from penetrating cells & tissues
28
2nd line of defense
inflammatory response & phagocytosis | trigger WBC to show up
29
3rd line of defense
acquired immune response | takes several days to ramp up & respond
30
Types of immunity
acquired | innate
31
non-specific lines of defense
``` skin mucous membranes (respiratory, GI, Urogenital tracts) chemical balance antimicrobial substances fever (causes by eosinophils) phagocytic cells complement system/cytokines NK cells ```
32
specific lines of defense
lymphocytes (T & B cells) that recognize specific pathogens are part of acquired immune response memory lymphocytes- memory of antigen that lasts a long time system should be tolerant to "self"-antigens or person's own body chemistry
33
Innate immunity
inborn & derived form non-specific aspects of tissue defense body's first line of defense to prevent entrance of pathogens
34
Innate immunity mechanims
1. non-specific inflammatory response 2. skin & mucosal barrier sloughing of skin phagocytosis of bacteria destruction of pathogens by acid secretions digestive enzymes in the GI tract
35
innate immunity intensity
always occurs at same intensity, regardless of number of times pathogen is encountered
36
Acquired immunity
characteristics: specificity & memory develops after birth to recognize & destroy foreign substances as well as prevent proliferation of malignant cells occurs AFTER invasion by foreign agent
37
acquired immunity intesnity
response will increase in speed & intensity each time specific pathogen encountered
38
2 types of acquired immunity
Active & Passive
39
Active acquired immunity
contact with antigen of product derived from antigen | antibodies or t-cell response produced by host in response to the contact
40
Passive Acquired Immunity
contact with antibodies from actively immunized person or via inoculation triggers temporary acquired immune response i.e. transfer of antibodies from mother to infant
41
Mechanism of acquired immunity
``` B cell (humoral immunity) T cell (cell-mediated immunity) ```
42
B cell immunity
humoral response recognizes one antigen produces & secretes antibodies that attack antigen produces memory cells for future immunological response
43
T cell immunity
``` cell-mediated response recognizes one antigen attacks the antigen directly Produces: memory cells t-cytotoxic (killer) cells t-helper cells t-suppressor cells lymphokine-producing cells ```
44
B cell primary immune response
production of specific antibodies (immunoglobulins)
45
B cells secondary immune response
increased activation with increased exposure of memory cells to the antigen
46
humoral response
pre-processed in the liver during mid-fetal life & bone marrow during late fetal life & after birth activated B cells incapacitate the antigen B cells stimulated to mature into plasma B cells, which produce antibodies Plasma B cells & the antibodies they produce constitute a critical part of the body's defense against infections & cancer
47
Cell-Mediated Response
processed T cells leave the thymus & spread to lymphoid tissues throughout the body shortly after birth t cells recognize pathogens, search them out & destroy them on cell to cell basis capable of turning entire immune system on through T4 (CD4) and off (through regulatory/supressor T cells) T8 or cytotoxic cells are primary active responders important factor in recognizing body's own tissue, loss of function can lead to autoimmune disorder
48
helper t cells
T4 or CD4
49
t8 cells
cytotoxic cells
50
what systems link the immune system & CNS
``` autonomic nervous system neuroendorcrine outflow (via pituitary gland) ```
51
Does the immune response cross blood-brain barrier?
activated immunocompetent cells CAN cross the blood-brain barrier
52
Neurocytokines lead to what changes in the nervous system
``` mild behavioural disturbances anorexia drowsiness sleep disturbances coma dementia ```
53
Regulation of immune response
initiation by antigens intercellular recognition & binding intercellular signaling Brain influence
54
intercellular recognition by __
membrane proteins & genes
55
intercellular binding
of antigen by T cells
56
intercellular signaling
by interaction on cellular membranes by various cell mediators of immunity: cytokines, adhesion molecules, & recognition molecules
57
Brain influence
Hormonal regulation: thymus gland, anterior pituitary | Neural influences: sympathetic nervous system (innervate thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)
58
apoptosis
every cell has "auto-destruct" capability if unable to defend against mutation (or pathogen), the cell self-destructs normal, welcome response Response decreases with age Response enhanced by exercise
59
Exogenous factors influencing immunity
``` trauma disease pollutants radiation UV light drugs ```
60
Endogenous factors influencing immunity
``` age gender nutritional status genetic background reproductive status STRESS (only one have control over) ```
61
How are exterior defenses affected by aging
dec acidity level in GI tract shallower breaths, ability for pathogens to hang in lungs bladder less elastic, urine less acidic
62
How is acquired immunity affected by aging
thymus smaller dec antibody responsiveness inc antibody response toward self-cells
63
aging immune system
body's innate response to infection is not always automatic in elderly overall # of lymphocytes does not change greatly, but configuration of lymphocytes & their reaction to infection does when antibodies produced, duration of their response is shorter & fewer cells are produced after age 70 more likely to produce autoantibodies (attack part of the body itself)
64
Exercise & Immunity
moderate exercise enhances immune system | strenuous exercise decreases immune system response
65
Primary immunodeficiency
defect of T cells, B cells or lymphoid tisue | congenital condition, rare in PT practice
66
Secondary immunodeficiency
underlying disease/factor impairing immune response | follows a disease or event
67
Iatrogenic immunodeficiency
induced by drug or physical agents | chemotherapy, prolonged corticosteroid use
68
AIDS
acquired disorder of the immune system renders an individual susceptible to infections causes progressive destruction of T cells and changes in B cells
69
AIDS incidence
caused by HIV | attaches to CD4 marker
70
AIDS risk factors
transmission through exchange of body fluids, assoc with high risk behaviours MSM most common, half cause by drug injection NOT transmitted by fomite or casual contact
71
What types of cells are primarily affected by AIDS retrovirus
T4 helper lymphocytes are destroyed or inactivated
72
What are the receptors for AIDS retrovirus
CD 4 markers, including those on macrophages or T4 cells
73
How does the infection enter the cell in AIDS
through CD4 marker that is now a receptor for the retrovirus
74
What happens when AIDS virus replicates itself
the retrovirus carries genetic information in RNA & when it replicates itself, it tranfers viral RNA into normal cells
75
AIDS symptoms
vary with stage of disease and age | course of the disease varies from person to person
76
AIDS stages
asyptomatic stage or latency early symptomatic stage advanced disease/overt AIDS
77
asymptomatic stage or latency (AIDS)
CD4>500 cell/mm3 no signs or symptoms, patient is healthy & often continues work
78
early symptomatic stage
AIDS CD4= 200-500 cells/mm3 generalize, non-specific symptoms immunocompromised with weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, fevers & symptoms from opportunistic infections
79
Advanced disase/Overt AIDS
CD4
80
Acute Infection AIDS
``` fever fatigue rash headache lymphadenopathy phayngitis ```
81
AIDS Clinical Manifestations
``` arthralgia myalgia night sweats GI problems aseptic meningitis oral or genital ulcers ```
82
AIDS common Opportunistic infections
pneumocystitis carinii (leading to pneumonia) candida albicans fungus (leading to candidiasis or thrush) cytomegalovirus (leading to neurological or other health problems) Myobacterium avium-intracellular complex (affects those in HIV advanced stage) Myobacterium tuberculosis (causing TB affecting the lung)
83
AIDS associated cancers & malignancies
Kaposi's sarcoma wasting syndrome metabolic disorders (lipodystrophy, mitochondrial disorder)
84
Kaposi's sarcoma
results in purplish grape-like lesions on the skin, GI tract & other organs asociate with AIDS, particularly in homosexual men
85
Wasting syndrome
involuntary weight loss of 10 percent of baseline body weight plus either chronic diarrhea (2 loose stools per day for more than 30 days) or chronic weakness & documented fever (30 days or more intermittent or constant) in the absence of a concurrent illness or condition
86
Lipodystrophy
AIDS related disorder of adipose tisue characterized by selective loss of body fat pt w/this tend to develop insulin resistance, DM, a high triglyceride level & fatty liver
87
AIDS prevention
education for risk ractors | avoid infections
88
AIDS definitive care
there is no cure
89
AIDS management
focuses on CD4 cell count anti-retroviral medications use to inhibit disorder exercise is of benefit
90
AIDS palliative care
during end stage disease, care varies with individuals conditions

Med Cond 2 (6 decks)

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