Infectious Disease Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
infectious disease
A
consequences of microbial invasions
2
Q
host
A
any organism capable of supporting another organisms nutrition & growth
3
Q
infection
A
presence and multiplication of living organisms on or within host
4
Q
Factors influencing severity of infectious disease
A
virulence
pathogen
opportunistic pathogen
5
Q
Virulence
A
disease-producing potential
6
Q
pathogen
A
virulent organisms capable of causing diease
7
Q
opportunistic pathogen
A
attack vulnerable hosts (weakened immunity, illness of medical therapy)
8
Q
Incubation period
A
reproduction of pathogen without manifesting symptoms
9
Q
prodromal stage
A
initial appearance of symptoms in host
10
Q
acute stage
A
host experiences maximum impact from infectious process, rapid proliferation and dissemination of pathogen
11
Q
convalescent period
A
containment of infection, tissue repair
12
Q
resolution stage
A
resolution of symptoms, elimination of pathogen
13
Q
Virulence factors
A
toxins
adhesion factors
evasive factors
invasive factors
14
Q
toxin
A
substances that alter or destroy normal function of host cell
endotoxin or exotoxin
15
Q
exotoxin
A
proteins release from bacteria
modify key cellular structures and function leading to cell death or dysfunction
16
Q
endotoxin
A
complex molecule composed of lipid and polyscaccharides in cell wall of gram-neg bacteria
lipid portion of endotoxins confer toxicity
potent activator of number of regulatory systems
17
Q
adhesion factors
A
ability to attach to the host cell
can be site specific, cell specific, or non-specific
18
Q
receptor
A
site pathogen adheres to on host
19
Q
ligand
A
bind to receptor, may have anchors or appendages to connect onto receptors
20
Q
evasive factors
A
ability to evade the immune system
21
Q
invasive factors
A
products produced by infectious agent that allows penetration of anatomic barriers of host tissue
usually enxymes
22
Q
Signs & Symptoms of Infectious Disease
A
common: fever, chills, malaise, & enlarged (usually painful) lymph nodes Also: rash, skin lesions bleeding from gums joint effusion diarrhea frequency, urgency cough, sore throat nausea, vomiting headache stiff neck myalgia convulsions
23
Q
Symptoms in immuno-compromised pt
A
confusion
tachycardia
hypotension
24
Q
nosocomial infection
A
infections acquired during hospitalization
25
Ways to prevent nosocomial infection
use of antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection
consistent hand-washing and/or sanitizing
maximum barrier protections when putting in central ines
ensuring pts with certain infections are placed in isolation
26
risk associated with infectious patients
risk of transmitting infections FROM them to others
| protect OURSELVES and OTHER PATIENTS
27
risk associated with Immunosuppressed patients
risk of transmitting infections from us or other patients TO them
Protect THE PATIENT
28
Sources of infection
nosocomial
| community acquired
29
Mechanism of infection
Location (nosocomial vs community acquired)
host
substance
object (vector)
30
Portal of exit
pathogens method of leaving the reservoir (as needed)
| secretions, excretions, blood, emesis
31
Chain of transmission
Existence of causative agent, bacteria, pathogen or virus
Survival of pathogen in reservoir of humans, animals or inanimate objects
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
susceptible host
32
transmission
through airborne, contact, droplet, vector or vehicle modes
33
portal of entry
process by which pathogen enters the body, gains access to susceptible tissues, and causes disease
34
Method of entry
penetration, direct contact, ingestion, inhalation
35
Penetration
any disruption in integrity of body's surface
36
direct contact
transmission directly from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes
37
ingesion
through mouth & GI tract
38
inhalation
through respiratory tract
39
Infection in non- susceptible host
pathogen will eventually die off, cannot mount a sufficient multiplication proces
40
Goal of infection prevention
break the chain of transmission- ideally at most efficient point
41
Universal/Standard precaution
washing hands or sanitizing before & after patient contact
clean treatment area
cover any open lesions on self
use personal protective equipment
use medical aseptic technique
place biohazard material in an appropriate receptacle
42
Transmission based precautions
```
hand washing or sanitizing
patient care equipment (clean, not sterilized)
As needed:
gloves
mask
gown
```
43
Diagnostic measures
culture
serology
analysis of other body fluids (CSF, urine)
44
culture
propagation of microorganism outside of the body (not all pathogens are capable of this type of reproduction)
45
serology
study of serum
| anitbody titer, direct antigen detection
46
antibody titer
assesses rise of antibody level associated with a specific pathogen
47
direct antigen detection
uses purified "labeled" antibodies to detect antigens of pathogens
48
Goal of treatment of Infectious disease
rid the body of pathogen and restore normal physiologic function to damaged tissue
49
chemotherapeutic drugs
"selective toxicity" to invading organisms with "little effect on host"
50
Two forms of bacteria
rigid cell wall (gram-positive)
| alcohol or acetone labile cell membrane (gram negative)
51
Bacteriocidal
at sufficient levels in host will kill invading organisms
52
bacteriostatic
will inhibit bacterial growth without killing organisms
| high failure rate at treating infections in CNS, heart or other reservoirs in body
53
antimicrobial spectrum of activity
number/types of bacteria the drug is effective in treating
54
broad-spectrum agent
effective against many different types of bacteria
55
narrow spectrum agent
effective against only a few (or one) strain of bacteria
56
innate resistance
no transport mechanism to move drug across bacterial cell wall
57
acquired resistance
spontaneous genetic mutation
| communication with other bacteria through plasmids
58
infectious diseases encountered in physical therapy
*pneumonia
*tuberculosis
*hepatitis
*leprosy
*meningitis
*chickenpox
AIDS
speticemia
syphilis
mumps
measles
filarial infection
rubella
59
Questions to ask about various infections & dieases
how common is it
who is at greatest risk
how is it transmitted to others
how can i prevent it from being transmitted to others
how is the body affected (signs &symptoms)? Does it affect one body system or multiple body systems?
what interaction would these clients have with PT
60
Bacterial infectinso
staphylococcus
streptococcus
pseudomonas
gangrene
61
Staphylococcus aureus
most common cause of suppurative infections affecting all ages & involving the heart, lung, soft tissue, joints & bones
leading cause of infective endocarditis
MRSA is a form
62
Preventing staph aureus
**hand washing or sanitizing
| drainage & antibiotics
63
Streptococcus
causes both suppurative & non-suppurative infections
most common bacterial pathogens of human beings of any age
more common, less virulent
64
pseudomonas
most commonly acquired in hospitals or nursing homes, leading to pneumonia, wound infections, UTI, & spesis in debiliated people
thrives in moist environments
65
Gangrene
Clostridial myonecrosis bacteria
dry, moist & gas forms
opportunistic organism, requires anaerobic conditions not normally found in human tissue
possible risk following significant trauma
66
Preventing gangrene
scrupulous wound hygiene, especially in high risk individuals (DM, poor nutrition, immunodeficient)
67
pneumonia
inflammation of the parenchyma of the lungs
| caused by bacterial, viral or mycoplasm infection, inhalation of toxins or aspiration of food, fluids of vomitus
68
Pneumonia risk factors
```
cigarette smoking
influenza
sinusitis
chronic bronchitis
DM (poorly controlled
uremia
dehydration
malnutrition
AIDS
confinement in medical setting
treatment with antieoplastic chemo or immunosuppressants
older age
young infants
bedridden or disabled individuals
individuals with altered consciousness
periodontal disease
problems w/swallowing
problems/taking meds
individual with neuromusc disease
surgery
tracheal intubation
```
69
pneumonia clinical manifestation
```
sudden & sharp pleuritic pain agg by movement
hacking & productive cough
rust or green coloured sputum
dec chest excursion
cyanosis
headache
fatigue, fever & chills
generalized aches
myalgia or thigh & calf muscles
```
70
walking pneumonia
may have low grade fever & duration may exceed 2 weeks
| lower respiratory system infected as well as upper
71
pneumonia primary prevention
standard precautions
vaccine
early ambulation post-surgery
positioning to prevent aspiration
72
Management of pnuemonia
antibiotic therapy
rest and fluid with ventilatory support if needed
PT: pulmonary hygiene including deep breathing exercises & coughing
therapeutic positioning
chest therapy
73
antibiotic associated colitis
longer courses of antibiotic medication can decrease colonies of normal GI bacteria, leading to colonization by spore-forming bacterium Clostridium difficile
only washing hands w/soap & water removes spores
74
Risks of c-diff
voluminous, water stools & risk of dehydration to patient
later risk- reactive arthritis
75
blood bone viral infections
hepatitis virus, HIV
76
Hepatitis B
high risk of infection for health care workers
can lead to cardiac valve disease, arthritis, jaundice, arthralgia, rash, dark urine, anorexia, nausea, painful abdominal bloating, fever, clay coloured stools
77
Hepatitis C
80% develop chronic hepatitis
| 30% also develop cirrhosis
78
Herpes virus
tendency of viruses to become chronic, latent (retrovirus) & recurrent in sensory nerve distribution
79
Varicella Zoster Virus
herpes virus- 3
produces chickenpox and shingles
can persist in sensory nerve ganglia
80
Transmission of VZV
droplets
81
Primary form of VZV
chickenpox (varicella)
skin rash of blister-like lesions, covering the body but usually more concentrated on face, scalp & trunk
spread by coughing & sneezing, direct contact & by aerosolozation of virus from skin lesions
AIRBORNE precautions
82
Secondary form of VZV
shingles (herpes zoster)
painful skin rash, usually in dermatomal pattern
spread through direct contact only
CONTACT precautions
83
can shingles be passed from one person to another
NO
VZV can be spread from one person with active shingles to a person who has never had chickenpoz through direct contact with the rash.
person exposed would have chickenpox not shingles
84
Viral respiratory infections
influenza
| respiratory syncytial virus
85
influenza
contracted via droplet
| incubation is 1-5 days
86
influenza signs & symptoms
fever, chills, malaise, muscular aching, substernal soreness, headache, nasal stuffiness, sore throat & occasional nausea
vulnerable populations develop acute sinusitis, otitis media, purulent bronchitis, and pneumonia
87
respiratoy syncytial virus
found in infants, young children, older adults & immunocompromised patients
transmitted through droplets, via eyes or nose as portal of entry
88
infections with prosthetics & implants
prosthetic joint sepsis is characterized by increasing joint pain
89
lyme disease
most common vector borne infectious disease in US
latent symptoms including skin rash, swelling & recurrent joint pain (esp knees)
may also demonstrate neurologic manifestations
90
lyme disease sign & symptoms
bullseye rash unique to lyme disease
neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in arms & legs,
twitching, weakness, or paralysis of face, arms or legs,
sharp pain in arms, legs, neck, and back
increased sensitivity to light
difficulties with memory, concentration, learning or speech
mood swings, depression or abnormal thought process
91
Tuberculosis
infective, inflammatory systemic disease affecting the lungs & may involve other orangs
airborne spread of infectious nuclei through sneezing, laughing, speaking, singing or coughing
residual lesions are sites for potential reactivation
92
how long does it take to treat TB
6-9 months
93
TB risk factors
```
older adult
people with HIV
economically disadvantaged populations
overcrowded populations
immigrants
those using injected drugs
infants & children under 5
prison inmated
DM
end-stage renal disease
immuno-compromised
```
94
TB clinical manifestations
```
productive cough >3 wks
weight loss
fever
night sweats
fatigue
malaise
anorexia
rales in the lungs
may involve brain & spinal cord (seen w/HIV)
```
95
TB primary prevention
covering mouth & nose
room ventilators, avoiding overcrowding
vaccine
96
TB secondary prevention
skin test followed by chest x-ray
anti TB medications & chemotherapy
poor compliance with treatment leads to poor prognosis
97
leprosy
primarily affects skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, and mucosa of upper respiratory tract
skin lesions can be single or multiple
sensory loss is typical feature
lesions usually less pigmented than surrounding normal skin, sometimes reddish or copper-coloured
98
leprosy diagnosis
one or both:
skin lesion consistent w/leprosy w/definite sensory loss (variety may be seen but macule, papule or nodules most common)
positive skin smear
99
bacterial meningitis at risk population
very young & vey old
100
Bacterial meningitis
inflammation of meninges in brain
101
bacterial meningitis clinical manifestation
early: fever, headache, stiff & painful neck
late: flexion of lungs w/neck flexion, seizures, vomiting, coma
102
Bacterial meningitis diagnosis
lumbar puncture
103
bacterial meningitis treatment
antibiotics (able to cross blood-brain barrier)
