Immune System

Question 1

What are the functions of the immune system?

Answer 1

distinguish self/non-self; protect against foreign substances; provide non-specific/specific (acquired) immunity

Question 2

What produces B Cells?

Answer 2

bone marrow

Question 3

What produces T cells?

Answer 3

the thymus

Question 4

What purpose do lymph nodes serve?

Answer 4

to trap and process antigens

Question 5

What purpose does the spleen have?

Answer 5

to filter antigens from the blood and provide systemic protection

Question 6

What does the liver do for the body?

Answer 6

reduce level of toxins that may impair GI lining; filters blood of GI system

Question 7

What is the purpose of the mucosa?

Answer 7

to provide lymphocyte responses to nearby tissue

Question 8

Where is mucosa tissue found?

Answer 8

lines the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts

Question 9

What are the lines of defense?

Answer 9

1st: external barriers preventing penetration
2nd: inflammatory response and phagocytosis
3rd: acquired immune response

Question 10

What is included in non-specific forms of defense?

Answer 10

skin; mucous membranes; chemical balance; fever; phagocytic cells; natural killer cells

Question 11

What cell types are classified as phagocytic cells?

Answer 11

neutrophils; monocytes; eosinophils; basophils; lymphocytes

Question 12

What is included in specific lines of defense?

Answer 12

T/B Cells (lymphocytes)

Question 13

Do lymphocytes (T/B cells) have memory capability?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

What is an antigen? Another name?

Answer 14

a substance that stimulates the immune system (bacteria, viruses); immunogens

Question 15

What purpose to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) provide?

Answer 15

communication about presence of antigens

Question 16

What are antibodies? another name? how do they work?

Answer 16

immunoglobulins/proteins that recognize antigens; take up antigen bonding sites

Question 17

What are the various types of leukocytes?

Answer 17

ganulocytes (B,E,N); monocytes (macrophages); lymphocytes

Question 18

What leukocyte types are part of the innate immunity?

Answer 18

ganulocytes and monocytes

Question 19

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 19

provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity

Question 20

What lymphocyte type performs the action of phagocytosis?

Answer 20

monocytes (macrophages); neutrophils

Question 21

How do neutrophils carry out their immune response?

Answer 21

squeeze through capillary wall to kill invaders then engulf via phagocytosis

Question 22

What cell is considered to be the primary responder

Answer 22

neutrophil

Question 23

What disease do natural killer cells have potential to fight?

Answer 23

cancer

Question 24

What role do cytokines hold?

Answer 24

modulate the reaction of the host to an antigen

Question 25

What cells are included as cytokines?

Answer 25

Interleukins (IL); interferons; Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNF); Colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

Question 26

How do interferons protect the body?

Answer 26

prevent neighboring cells from invasion and inhibit tumor growth

Question 27

Humoral vs. Cell mediated immunity (cell type)?

Answer 27

B cells are humoral and T cells are cell-mediated

Question 28

How do we get an acquired immunity?

Answer 28

after invasion by a cell our body learns how to fight it for future

Question 29

Active vs. Passive Acquired Immunity

Answer 29

Active: contact with antigen or product derived from antigen Passive: contact with antibodies from actively-immunized person or via inoculation

Question 30

How do B/T cells attack antiges?

Answer 30

B cells bind and secrete antibodies while T cells attack directly

Question 31

What are B lymphocytes?

Answer 31

a cell process in liver during fetal life that activate B cells to incapacitate the antigen

Question 32

Primary vs. Secondary Immune Response?

Answer 32

P: prduction of specific antibodies S: increased activation with increased exposure of memory cell to antigen

Question 33

How do T Lymphocytes work?

Answer 33

distribute selves to lymphoid tissue after birth then recognize and destroy pathogens

Question 34

What cell type are our primary active responders?

Answer 34

T8 Cells (are cytotoxic)

Question 35

If somone loses function of their T type cells what can they develop?

Answer 35

an autoimmune disorder

Question 36

What pathways link the brain and the immune system?

Answer 36

ANS and neuroendocrine outflow

Question 37

What are side effects to the activation of neurocytokines?

Answer 37

behavior changes; anorexia; drowsiness; sleep disruption; coma; dementia

Question 38

In what way does the SNS influence the immune response?

Answer 38

SNS innervates thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

Question 39

What is apoptosis?

Answer 39

regulated cell death (enhanced through exercise)

Question 40

What does aging to to apoptosis and infection response?

Answer 40

apoptosis ability is decreased and out ability to fight off infection is slower

Question 41

moderate vs strenuous exercise effects of the immune system?

Answer 41

moderate enhances the immune system and strenuous exercise decreases response

Question 42

What is a primary immunodeficiency?

Answer 42

defective T/B cells, or lymphoid tissue; and congenital conditions

Question 43

What is a secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 43

an underlying disease leading to an impaired immune system

Question 44

What is iatrogenic immunodeficiency?

Answer 44

decreased immune system due to drug or physical agents

Question 45

What cells does the AIDS disorder attack?

Answer 45

T (destroys) and B (changes) cells

Question 46

How does AIDS work?

Answer 46

essentially prevents immune system from being turned on by T4

Question 47

Does AIDS kill us?

Answer 47

not directly...makes us susceptible to everything else

Question 48

What is a kaposi sarcoma?

Answer 48

purple skin lesion associated with homo-AIDS (found on skin, in GI tract and other organs)

Question 49

What is wasting syndrome?

Answer 49

involuntary weight loss of 10% + chronic diarrhea or weakness

Question 50

What is lipodystrophy?

Answer 50

an adipose tissue disorder that causes selective loss of fat

Question 51

What can a PT do for an AIDS patient?

Answer 51

education; energy conservation technique; respiratory management; skin care; mobility and safety