Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Malaria- The 5 Causative Organisms

A
  • Plasmodium falciparum- (most severe- causes CEREBRAL MALARIA)
  • Plasmodium ovale/ Plasmodium vivax- may lie dormant in the LIVER as HYPNOZOITES
  • Plasmodium malariae
  • Plasmodium knowlesi (very rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signs and symptoms of Malaria

A
  • Night sweats
  • ANAEMIA
  • SPLENOMEGALY
  • Seizures (CEREBRAL MALARIA or SECONDARY to FEVER)
  • Diarrhoea/ nausea
  • Flu-like symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Investigations in Malaria

A

Real-time PCR

Blood film

Bloods- ESR/ CRP/ Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Treatment of Malaria (there are 6 functions)

A

1) Inhibit HAEM POLYMERASE-

CHLOROQUINE/QUININE

2) Blood SCHIZONTICIDE-

MEFLOQUINE/ PRIMAQUINE/ MALARONE

3) Inhibits PLASMODIUM PROTEIN SYNTHESIS-

DOXYCYCLINE

4) Inhibits DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE-

PYRIMETHAMINE

5) Inhibits FALCIPARUM sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-

ARTEMETHER (always used with LUMEFANTRINE)

6) Inhibits haem metabolism-

LUMEFANTRINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

6 Malaria Treatments

A

1) Inhibit HAEM POLYMERASE
2) Blood SCHIZONTICIDE
3) Inhibits PLASMODIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
4) Inhibits DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE
5) Inhibits FALCIPARUM sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATP-ase
6) Inhibits HAEM METABOLISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Malarial treatments that inhibit HAEM POLYMERASE

A

Chloroquine

Quinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malarial treatments that are blood SCHIZONTICIDE

A

Mefloquine (Lariam)

Primaquine

Malarone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Malarial treatment that inhibit PLASMODIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A

DOXYCYCLINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Malarial treatment that inhibit DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE

A

Pyrimethamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Malarial treatment that inhibit FALCIPARUM sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATP-ase

A

ARTEMETHER (always use it with LUMEFANTRINE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Malarial treatment that inhibit HAEM METABOLISM

A

LUMEFANTRINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ACID-FAST bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathophysiology of PRIMARY Pulmonary TB (3 things)

A
  • Initial TB infection

- GHON FOCUS formation in UPPER LOBES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathophysiology of SECONDARY Pulmonary TB (3 things)

A
  • Occurs AFTER primary infection
  • Dormant TB is REACTIVATED
  • Fibrocaseous Lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Five other forms of TB

A
  • Miliary
  • Genitourinary
  • MENINGITIS
  • Bone (Pott’s disease of the spine)
  • Peritoneal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signs and Symptoms of TB

A
  • Night Sweats
  • HAEMOPTYSIS
  • WEIGHT LOSS
  • Cough/ Fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Investigations in TB

A
  • Sputum culture (OGAWA/ LOWENSTEIN medium)
  • Sputum stain: ZIEHL-NEELSEN stain
  • Transbronchial biopsy- GRANULOMAS are diagnostic
  • Pleural fluid analysis and biopsy
  • CXR for infiltrates and cavitations. Lesions described as MILLET SEEDS in MILITARY TB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment for TB

A

RIPE

Rifampicin
Iconiazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutamol

Other drugs in therapy-
- Streptomycin/ Quinolones/ Amikacin/ Capreomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

8 types of Human Herpes Virus

A

HHV-1- Herpes labialis

HHV-2- Herpes genitalia

HHV-3- VARICELLA ZOSTER

HHV-4- EPSTEIN-BARR

HHV-5- CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

HHV-6- Roseola Infantum

HHV-7- Closely related to HHV-6

HHV-8- Kaposki’s Sarcoma (associated with HIV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Two Types of HIV

A

HIV 1-

  • TYPE M-A-J- Prevalent in Europe, America, Australia, Sub-Saharan Africa
  • TYPE O- Prevalent in Cameroon

HIV 2-

  • WEST AFRICA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 Transmissions of HIV

A
  • Unprotected sex
  • Contaminated Needles
  • Contaminated blood transfusions
  • Vertical transmission (via breast milk)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 Antigens on HIV

Study These Flashcards
A

Gp120- binds to CD4+ receptors on T cell-
- Produces conformational change and needs to bind to a coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4

Gp41- binds to coreceptor
- Causes ‘six-helix bundle formation’ and fusion of viral and host membranes

23
Q

Long terminal repeat sequences used by host cells to manufacture new HIV virions

24
Q

3 Genes required for viral replication in HIV

Study These Flashcards
A

POL- encodes REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE and INTEGRASE

ENV- encodes envelope proteins (Gp120)

GAG- encodes VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

25
Investigations in HIV
Bloods- - HLA-B*5701 status - ELISA - Western blot test - Immunofluorescence assay - Nucleic acid testing Virology- - Cytomegalovirus antibody - Hepatitis Serology - HIV antibody - TB (if indicated)
26
Treatment for HIV
HIGHLY ACTIVE RETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART)- - 2NRTIs with 1 NNRTI Or - 2NRTIS with 1 PI or 1 II - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) - Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) - Protease Inhibitor (PI) - Integrase Inhibitor (II)
27
Examples for NRTI, NNRTI, PI, II (HIV Treatment)
NRTI- Zidovudine NNRTI- Nevirapine PI- Indinavir II- Raltegravir
28
Complications of HIV
Increased risk of opportunistic infections- - CMV (RETINITIS) - Cryptococcal meningitis - Pneumocystic JIROVECCI pneumonia - Mycobacterium avium complex Increased risk of malignancies- - Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Anal cancer - Cervical cancer - KAPOSKI's sarcoma
29
Trichonomas vaginalis (STI) (PROTOZOAN) Symptoms- Investigations- Treatment- Complications-
Symptoms- - FISHY, BUBBLY THIN DISCHARGE - Strawberry cervix is visible Investigations- - Cervical smear - Rapid antigen testing - PCR Treatment- - METRONIDAZOLE - Intravaginal CLOTRIMAZOLE during pregnancy Complications- - Increased risk of: 1) HIV 2) Cervical cancer 3) PRETERM DELIVERY
30
Gardnerella vaginalis (NOT an STI) (BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS) Symptoms- Investigations- Treatment-
Symptoms- - FISHY, GREY DISCHARGE - CHALMYDIA - GONORRHOEA Investigations- - Microscopy Treatment- - METRONIDAZOLE - CLINDAMYCIN
31
Treponema pallidum (STI) (SYPHILIS) Symptoms- Investigations- Treatment- Complications-
Symptoms- - Three stages- 1) superficial ulceration 2) rash on palms and soles 3) CARDIAC and NEUROLOGICAL involvement Investigations- - VDRL - RPR - FTA - Treponema Pallidum tests Treatment- - Procaine Penicillin G - Doxycycline - Erythromycin - Azithromycin - If the patient has NEUROSYPHILIS, give then prophylactic PREDNISOLONE to avoid JARISCH-HERXHEIMER reaction, which may occur after ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT as ENDOTOXINS are released
32
Chlamydia trachomatis (CHLAMYDIA) Investigations- Treatment- Complications-
Investigations- - Chalmydia cell culture - NAAT - DFA Treatment- - AZITHROMYCIN - or DOXYCYCLINE (7 days) Complications- - Pelvic inflammatory disease - URETHRITIS - Postpartum ENDOMETRITIS - Infertility
33
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GONORRHOEA) Investigations- Treatment- Complications
Investigations- - NAAT - Cultured in CHOCOLATE AGAR Treatment- - AZITHROMYCIN - or CEFTRIAXONE Complications- - Pelvic inflammatory disease - Infertility - Dissemination of bacteria
34
GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA staining
- stain blue and pink - RETAIN color when washed with ETHANOL and WATER - GRAM POSITIVE don't retain color when washed with ETHANOL and ACETONE
35
GRAM POSITIVE 6 types
SS LAND - Staphylococcal infections - Streptococcal infections - Listeriosis - Anthrax - Nocardia - Diptheria
36
GRAM NEGATIVE 6 types
GN PPCW - Granuloma inguinale - Neisserial infections - Pseudonomas infections - Plague - Chancroid - Whooping cough
37
Staphylococcus aureus- 5 causes 3 virulence factors
EPOST- - Endocarditis - Pneumonia - OSTEOMYELITIS - Skin infections - Toxic SHOCK syndrome SET- - Surface proteins for adherence - Enzymes - Toxins GROW in CLUSTERS
38
Streptococcal infections- 2 Examples- 3 Virulence factors-
Streptococcus pneumoniae- ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA and MENINGITIS Enterococci- UTI and ENDOCARDITIS Virulence factors- - Capsules which resist PHAGOCYTOSIIS - M PROTEINS, which inhibits the alternative pathway of the COMPLEMENT SYSTEM - PNEUMOLYSIN- destroys membrane of host cells GROWS in PAIRS or CLUSTERS
39
Listeriosis What does it cause?
Meningitis in ELDERLY Meningitis in IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT
40
What does ANTHRAX release?
Spores
41
3 facts about NOCARDIA
- Aerobic - Branched clusters - Respiratory infections with CNS involvement
42
2 facts about Diphtheria
- ROD shaped | - EXOTOXIN causes damage to HEART and NERVES
43
The 2 Gram Negatives that cause ULCERATIVE GENITAL INFECTION
Granuloma inguinale (KLEBSIELLA GRANULOMATIS) Chancroid
44
2 Neisserial infections
Meningitis Gonorrhoea
45
TRANSIENT VIRAL INFECTIONS
MR WIMP Measles Rhinovirus West Nile virus Influenza Mumps Polio
46
What causes Measles rash?
Hypersensitivity to virus antigen within skin
47
Which virus causes common cold?
Rhinovirus
48
What does West Nile virus cause?
Meningitis Encephalitis - by invading CNS - seen in elderly and immunocompromised
49
What does Mumps cause?
inflammation of Parotid glands sometimes travels to CNS, pancreas and testes
50
Epstein-barr virus - Associations - Presentation - what does it cause?
Associations- - BURKITT's Lymphoma Presentation- - Sore throat and fever What does it cause? - INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
51
What is HPV associated with?
Cervical cancer
52
Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA viruses
Advantages- - Plasmids are easily manufactured and DO NOT REPLICATE - DNA is stable and sequencing may be changes - Resists temperature changes so easy to store and transport Disadvantages- - Plasmids could integrate into host genome - Immunological tolerance
53
Which vaccinations to avoid in IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS and those living in TROPICAL AREAS
ATTENUTATED vaccinations- - Polio - MMR - Varicella rotavirus - YELLOW FEVER

Medicine (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions