Reproductive Flashcards
(26 cards)
What secretes Oestrogen?
Ovaries and Placenta
8 functions of Oestrogen
- Genital growth
- Breast growth
- Follicle growth
- Endometrial growth
- Upregulates OESTROGEN, LH and PROGESTERONE receptors
- Inhibits FSH and LH through feedback mechanisms
- Stimulates PROLACTIN secretion and LH surge (which causes ovulation)
- Increases protein transport
What secretes Progesterone?
PACT
Placenta
Adrenal cortex
Corpus luteum
Testes
8 functions of Progesterone
- Maintains progesterone
- Produces cervical mucus
- Increases BODY TEMPERATURE
- Inhibits FSH and LH (like oestrogen does)
- Downregulates OESTROGEN receptors
- Increases ENDOMETRIAL GLAND secretion
- Increases SPIRAL ARTERY DEVELOPMENT
- Softens ligaments during pregnancy
What secretes FSH and LH?
Anterior Pituitary gland
5 functions of FSH
- Stimulates SERTOLI cells to produce ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEIN
- Stimulates SERTOLI cells to produce INHIBIN
- Stimulates SPERMATOGENESIS
- Stimulates OESTROGEN secretion
- Stimulate growth and maturation of OVARIAN FOLLICLE
3 functions of LH
- Stimulates LEYDIG cells to produce TESTOSTERONE
- LH surge causes OVULATION
- Results in formation of CORPUS LUTEUM
What secretes Testosterone?
Leydig cells of TESTES and ADRENAL CORTEX
5 functions of Testosterone
- Male secondary sexual characteristics
- Penile and MUSCULAR development
- Growth of SEMINAL VESICLES
- EPIPHYSEAL PLATE closure
- Differentiation of VAS DEFERENS, SEMINAL VESICLES and EPIDIDYMIS
What secretes Inhibin and what is the function of Inhibin?
- Secreted by Sertoli cells
- Inhibits FSH
SIX steps of Menstrual Cycle
1- Increased oestrogen levels cause ENDOMETRIAL PROLIFERATION whilst GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE matures
2- Increased oestrogen levels cause an increased expression of GnRH receptors
3- Increased oestrogen also causes LH surge which causes OVULATION around day 14
4- Corpus luteum secretes PROGESTERONE which maintains ENDOMETRIAL LINING for implantation
5- If there is no implantation, the corpus luteum REGRESSES so PROGESTERONE LEVELS decrease
6- Progesterone levels no longer maintain the endometrium so the endometrium is shed
What causes milk EJECTION and milk PRODUCTION
Milk Ejection- Posterior Pituitary produces OXYTOCIN
Milk Production- Anterior Pituitary produces PROLACTIN
3 Changes in Resp System during Pregnancy
Elevated diaphragm
Decreased expiratory reserved volume
Increased TIDAL VOLUME
4 Changes in Cardiovascular System during Pregnancy
- Decreased BP- progesterone decreases vascular resistance by increasing SPIRAL ARTERY formation
- Increased cardiac output
- Increased blood VOLUME as BP stimulates RAAS
-MAY see Raynaud’s phenomenon due to peripheral circulation constriction
4 Changes in Renal System during Pregnancy
INCREASED-
- Kidney size
- GFR
- UTI (due to dilated, elongated ureters)
- Frequency of urination
3 Changes in Dermatology during Pregnancy
Linea Nigra
Palmar erythema
Spider angioma
Causes of Mastitis
Milk stasis or overproduction causes regional infection of BREAST PARENCHYMA with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS which enters the breast via trauma to the nipple
Treatment of Mastitis
Encourage to continue breastfeeding
FLUCLOXACILLIN
Where does Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia usually occur?
In the TRANSITIONAL ZONE of the prostate gland
Causes of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy of EPITHELIAL and STROMAL cells of the Prostate gland
Thought to be driven by ANDROGEN DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE
Signs and Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
FUN BOO
Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia
Bladder Outflow Obstruction (BOO)
- Hesitancy
- Intermittent flow/ poor urine stream/ dribbling
- Incomplete bladder emptying
Investigations in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
Enlarged but CMOOTH prostate gland with PALPABLE MIDLINE SULCUS
PSA will be raised
Management of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
Alpha 1 blockers (TAMSULOSIN)
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (FINASTERIDE)
Signs and Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
FUN BOO + others
Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia
Bladder Outflow Obstruction (BOO)
- Hesitancy
- Intermittent flow/ poor urine stream/ dribbling
- Incomplete bladder emptying
- Weight loss
- Malaise and fatigue
- Often spreads to bone, so BONE PAIN or PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURE
