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BELLE MCAT Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: While antigens are only composed of protein, antibodies are composed of proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids.

A

This statement is false. Antigens can be any molecule that antibodies recognize and bind, including proteins, carbohydrates, or even lipids. Antibodies, however, are only composed of protein.

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2
Q

True or False: Antibodies are highly specific, and each antibody binds only one antigen.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the outcomes of antigen binding?

A

When antibodies recognize and bind an antigen, the antibody can either directly neutralize the antigen or mark the antigen for destruction by other specialized cells in the immune system, such as macrophages.

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4
Q

Where on immunoglobulin does an antigen bind?

A

Antigens bind to the variable region through noncovalent interactions. The variable region includes amino acids from both the light and heavy chains of the immunoglobulin molecule.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of MHC?

A

MHC is a class of cell surface receptors that present antigen fragments to cells of the immune system. MHC class I and MHC class II allows the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self.

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6
Q

True or false: T cells mobilize an immune response after encountering any cell expressing MHC class I receptors.

A

This statement is false. All nucleated cells in the body express MHC-I. The MHC-I receives protein fragments from inside the cell and presents them on the outside of the cell. T cells can check whether the MHC I-antigen complexes are normal or abnormal. T cells only mobilize an immune response if the MHC I-antigen complexes are abnormal, including cases of viral infections or tumorigenesis.

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7
Q

True or False: While erythrocytes lack a nucleus, leukocytes contain a nucleus. Both erythrocytes and leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow.

A

True

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8
Q

True or false: Hematopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow.

A

This statement is true. Hematopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow, a spongy semi-solid tissue found inside bones.

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9
Q

True or False: The spleen holds a large reserve of leukocytes, particularly monocytes, which become macrophages or dendritic cells upon reaching target tissues.

A

True

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10
Q

immune cells that contain cytoplasmic granules rich in proteolytic enzymes

A

Granulocytes

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11
Q

In staining, what color will the granulocytes take on?

A

Eosinophils are acid loving and turn red, Basophils are base loving and turn blue, neutrophils dont give a rats ass

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12
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells, Natural Killer cells

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13
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil

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14
Q

Differentiate into Macrophages and Dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

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15
Q

Phagocytotic cells that engulf bacteria

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Nonspecific phagocyte

A

Macrophage

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17
Q

For parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

Involved in the allergic response

A

Basophils and Mast cells

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19
Q

Why does leukemia compromise the immune system?

A

Because it is a cancer of the blood/ bone marrow which wrecks your immune system

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20
Q

What occurs in the spleen?

A

Storage of lymphocytes and Bcell activation with white pulp, breaking down of RBCs

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21
Q

True or false: Anaphylaxis is a disorder where the body mounts an immune response against its own cells

A

This statement is false. Anaphylaxis is a severe systemic reaction that can lead to swelling in the throat and difficulty breathing following exposure to an allergen.

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22
Q 
Which of the following would release histamine: 
basophil 
macrophage
B-Cell
Mast Cell
A

basophil and mast cell

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23
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. MHC proteins are found in all higher vertebrates. In human beings the complex is also called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system.

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24
Q

Who has MHC1?

A

MHC class I is expressed on all nucleated cells, but erythrocytes do not contain a nucleus and do not express MHC class I.

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25
Q

Who has MCH2?

A

MHC class II is expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

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26
Q

What is MHC1?

A

MHC class I serves as an internal checkpoint. MHC class I receives proteins fragments from inside the cell and presents the fragments on the outside of the cell to T cells. T cells play the role of quality control checkers.

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27
Q

What is MHC2?

A

MHC class II serves to convey external information to the rest of the body. MHC class II is a way for the immune cells that destroy foreign objects to tell the rest of the body what they have found so that a coordinated response can be produced.

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28
Q

When would T cells mobilize an immune response?

A

The MHC-I receives protein fragments from inside the cell and presents them on the outside of the cell. T cells can check whether the MHC-I antigen complexes are normal or abnormal. T cells only mobilize an immune response if the MHC-I antigen complexes are abnormal, including cases of viral infections or tumorigenesis.

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29
Q

Suppose a patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. What would accurately describes the patient’s immune response?

A

When bacteria enter the body, macrophages engulf and digest the bacteria. The macrophages display bacterial protein fragments on MHC-II of the macrophage. Helper T cells bind to the MHC-II antigen complex and initiate an immune response.

30
Q

Suppose a doctor is trying to determine whether her patient requires the varicella vaccine. The doctor orders an antibody titer, which is a type of ELISA. What test design and result would best inform the doctor that the patient requires the varicella vaccine?

A

For the antibody titer, the synthetic varicella antigen is immobilized on a solid surface and the patient’s blood sample is added. If the patient has no previous exposure to varicella, the patient will have no antibodies specific to varicella in his blood. The test result will be negative, and the doctor would vaccinate his patient.

31
Q

Neutrophils

A

Neutrophils rapidly respond to bacterial infections and can be thought of as the first responders. The main role of neutrophils is to phagocytose invading bacteria. Neutrophils recognize nonspecific motifs common to a wide range of pathogens. This allows them to respond more rapidly than B cells or T cells, which must be generated via clonal expansion from their activated precursors. This process occurs on the order of hours to days.

32
Q

Suppose a patient is diagnosed with the viral infection influenza A. Which immune cells recognize the abnormal MHC I-antigen complex on the virally infected cell and destroy the cell?

A

cytotoxic t cells

33
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells that phagocytose pathogens and then present the antigens to T cells. Dendritic cells tend to localize in parts of the body that are in contact with the outside environment, such as the skin and mucous membranes. This allows dendritic cells to present antigens from external substances to T cells.

34
Q

True or False: Heparin increases blood clotting

A

False, opposite is true

35
Q

Mast Cells

A

Mast cells are similar to basophils in function, but are located in the mucous membranes and connective tissue.

36
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Dendritic cells present antigen to helper T cells to activate the adaptive immune system.

37
Q

Both macrophages and neutrophils are classified as…

A

Phagocytic cells

38
Q

True or false: The largest organ that plays a role in the innate immue system is the spleen.

A

This statement is false. While the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ, it is not the largest organ that plays a role in the innate immune system. The skin is the largest organ that plays a role in the innate immune system and also the largest organ in the human body.

39
Q

What cells are the antigen presenting cells?

A

Both macrophages and dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells, which present peptides to T cells via MHC II.

40
Q

What are the stages for a memory B cell?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into naïve B cells. They then travel through the blood and lymph until they are activated by helper T cells, after which they differentiate into plasma cells (specialized for producing antibodies) and memory B cells.

41
Q

True or false: Cytotoxic T cells prevent the spread of infection by lysing infected host cells.

A

This statement is true. When a host cell is infected by a foreign pathogen, it displays a recognizable fragment of the pathogen (an antigen) on its MHC I receptors. These receptors are recognized by the CD8 surface proteins on a cytotoxic T cell, and the T cell will recruit several cofactors to puncture a hole in the membrane of the infected host cell, lysing and killing it.

42
Q

Lysozyme in salvia is an example of innate or adaptive immunity?

A

Innate

43
Q

True or False: Neutrophils and basophils are lymphocytes

A

False

44
Q

What kind of receptor is found on the surface of cytotoxic tcells?

A

CD8

45
Q

What kind of tcell: CD8 surface receptor

A

killer t cell

46
Q

What kind of tcell: CD4 surface receptor

A

helper T cell

47
Q

Which MHC complex would be found on all nucleated cells?

A

MHC1

48
Q

Which MHC complex would be found on macrophages, dendritic cells, or b cells?

A

MCH2

49
Q

What will helper T cells do if they bind to an MHC2?

A

Secrete cytokines to amplify immune response which recruits other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages

50
Q

True or False: innate immune response is quicker than adaptive

A

true

51
Q

True or False: the innate immune response has a higher liklihood of damaging healthy tissue than adaptive

A

True, Because the innate immune response is less specific, it tends to do more collateral damage to healthy host tissue, with allergies being an easy example of this. Due to the specificity of the acquired immune response, it rarely causes any notable damage to healthy cells, the primary exception being in cases of autoimmune disorders.

52
Q

True or false: The cell-mediated immune response targets host tissue, not foreign pathogens.

A

This statement is true. The cell-mediated immune response, or the T cell branch, does not directly target pathogens in the way that the humoral response or various components of the innate response do. Instead, cytotoxic T cells target

53
Q

True or false: Complement proteins must be lysed in order to be activated.

A

This statement is true. When complement protein encounters a pathogen, it undergoes self-proteolysis into several components; these interact further with immune cells, triggering multiple responses.

54
Q

Which cells mediate the humoral response?

A

B cells

55
Q

True or false: CD4+ T cells trigger apoptosis in targeted cells displaying foreign antigens.

A

This statement is false. CD8+, not CD4+, T cells perform the function described. These “killer” cells trigger the apoptosis of targeted cells that display foreign antigen attached to MHC I.

56
Q

Epitope

A

Specific site on the antigen that is recognized by the antibody

57
Q

Protein Expressed on plasma membranes of all nucleated cells that is unique to the individual

A

MHC Class 1

58
Q

Protein Expressed on plasma membranes of macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

A

MHC Class 2

59
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme with antibiotic effects secreted through the respiratory tract

60
Q

The major kinds of lymphocytes

A

B, T, and Natural Killer cells

61
Q

Process of tagging pathogens for destruction

A

Opsonization

62
Q

True or False: CD8 Tcells recognize and engulf infected cells

A

False, they inject it with somehting that causes apoptosis

63
Q

Describe how CD8 and CD4 play a role in the response of Tcells

A

CD8 is on the surface of Cytotoxic t cells and recognize MHC I, CD4 is on the surface of Helper T cells and responds to MHC2 and then the helper secretes cytokines

64
Q

Process where T cells that are over reactive are eliminated

A

Negative selection

65
Q

Process where T cells that fail to respond appropriately to MHCI and II class proteins are eliminated

A

Positive selection

66
Q

What allows us to differentiate between self anf nonself

A

MHC proteins

67
Q

Proteins involved in signaling cascade to tag pathogens, recruit phagocytes, and initiate the inflammatory response

A

Complement system

68
Q

Specific cytokine that responds to viruses

A

Interferons

69
Q

Kill cells with abnormal MHC1

A

CD8 Cytotoxic T cell

70
Q

Coordinate response to abnormal MHC2

A

CD4 Helpter T cell

BELLE MCAT Biology (20 decks)

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