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Year 12 Human Biology > Immune System (Ch7) Glossary > Flashcards

Immune System (Ch7) Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Active Immunity

A

Immunity produced by the body manufactoring antibodies against a foreign antigen

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2
Q

Agglutination

A

The clumping together of micro-organisms or cells

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3
Q

Antibiotic

A

A chemical able to inhibit the growth of, or kill, micro-organisms (i.e. bacteria)

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4
Q

Antibody

A

A substance produced in responce to a specific antigen, combines with antigen to destory it.

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5
Q

Antibody-Meditated immunity / Humoral Responce

A

A responce trigged by foreign substances or micro-organisms entering the body, Involes B cells and productio nof Anitobides.

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6
Q

Antigen

A

Any substnace capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissues

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7
Q

Antigen-Antibody Complex

A

A compound formed when an antibody combines with an antigen

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8
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells

A

Phagocytic cells that digest pathogens and present the antigen to Lymphocytes, include dendritic cells and macrophages

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9
Q

Antriviral Drug

A

A drug used for the treatment of viral infections

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10
Q

Artifical immunity

A

Immunity produced by giving a person an intigen, triggers the immune responce, or giving them antibodies.

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11
Q

Attenuated

A

Describe micro-organisms that have been reduced in virulence

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12
Q

Bacteria / Bacterium (Singular)

A

Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms with a cell wall but no membrane - bound organelles and organised nucleus

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13
Q

Bactericidal antibiotic

A

A drug used to teat bacterial infections by killing the bacteria

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14
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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15
Q

Bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

A drug used to teat bacterial infections, does not kill but stops reproduction

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16
Q

B- Cell

A

A type of lymphocyte that develops into either a plasma cell or produces antibodies or a memory cell

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17
Q

Broad-Spectrium antibiotic

A

An antibiotic that affects many typeso f bacteria

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18
Q

Cell-Meditated responce / Cellular Immunity.

A

The part of the immune responce in which T-Cells attach to antigen to destroy them.

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19
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax, secreted by special glands near the opening of ear canal.

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20
Q

Cilia / Cilium (Singular)

A

Hair like projections from a cell, they beat rhythmically to move material across a tissue surface

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21
Q

Clone

A

A group of cells with the same genetic characteristcs

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22
Q

Communicable disease / Infections disease/ transmissible disease

A

A disease passed from one person to another by infection with micro organisms

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23
Q

Complement System

A

A system of protiens produced by the liver that enhance the activity of antibodies and phagocytes

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24
Q

Contagious

A

A disease passed on by direct human contanct

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25
Q

Cytokines

A

Small protein that are released in response to antigens and act as messengers in the immune response.

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26
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells - killer T cell

A

A type of t lymphocyte able to kill cells that are damaged or infected with viruses or bacteria

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27
Q

Dendritic cell

A

An antigen-presenting cell.

Named due to the branch-like extensions from the cytoplasm.

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28
Q

Fever

A

An elevation of body temperature above the normal level of 37 degrees

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29
Q

Helper T-cell

A

A type of T-cell that, among other things, enhances antibody production by B - cells.

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30
Q

Heparin

A

A substance that helps to prevent blood clotting.

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31
Q

Herd Immunity

A

A type of group immunity that occurs when such a high proportion of people in a population are immunized that those who are not immune are protected.

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32
Q

Histamine

A

A substance released in response to injury to cells.

It results in an increase in blood flow.

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33
Q

Humoral response

A

A response triggered by foreign substances or micro-organisms entering the body, involving B-cells and the production of antibodies,
also known as antibody-mediated immunity

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34
Q

Immune response

A

A response triggered by foreign substances or micro-organisms entering the body.

35
Q

Immune system

A

Different types of cells that occur in most organs of the body and that protect against foreign organisms, alien chemicals and abnormal cells.

36
Q

Immunisation

A

Programming the immune system so that the body can respond rapidly to infecting micro-organisms.

37
Q

Immunity

A

Resistance to infection from invading micro-organisms.

38
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

A particular group of proteins, antibodies are immunoglobulins

39
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Communicable disease

40
Q

Inflammation

A

The response to damage to a tissue;

involves swelling, heat, pain and redness in the affected area.

41
Q

Interferon

A

Any of several proteins that are produced by cells as a defensive response to viral infection, preventing the replication of the virus.

42
Q

Interleukin-1

A

A pyrogen produced primarily by macrophages

43
Q

Leucocyte or leukocyte

A

A white blood cell

44
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A system of vessels that drain excess fluid from the tissues.

45
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A white blood cell that is responsible for the immune response.

46
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages,

mostly found in the lymph nodes but also in the bone marrow, tonsils, spleen and thymus.

47
Q

Lysozyme

A

An enzyme that kills bacteria.

found in tears, saliva and perspiration.

48
Q

Macrophage

A

A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte

a type of white blood cell

49
Q

Memory cell

A

A type of cell that recognizes an antigen to which the body has previously been exposed,

50
Q

Mast cell

A

A type of cell found in loose connective tissue,

Involved in the inflammatory response.

51
Q

Monocyte

A

A type of leucocyte found in the blood that migrates into damaged tissue and forms macrophages.

52
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

An epithelial tissue that secretes mucous and lines many body cavities.

53
Q

Mucous

A

A slippery stringy substance produced by mucous membranes.

54
Q

Multiple drug resistance

A

Resistance of some strains of bacteria to most of the available antibiotics

55
Q

Narrow-spectrum antibiotic

A

An antibiotic that affects only a particular type of bacteria

56
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

The large air-filled cavity above and behind the nose.

57
Q

Natural immunity

A

Immunity that occurs without any human intervention,

58
Q

Neutrophil

A

A granulated leucocyte with a multilobar nucleus that is phagocytotic

59
Q

Non-self antigen

A

Any compound foreign to the body that triggers an immune response.

60
Q

Non-specific defence

A

Defence of the body that acts against all pathogens.

61
Q

Passive immunity

A

Immunity produced by the introduction of antibodies from another person.

62
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease causing organism often referred to and a pathogenic organism
virus, bacteria, fungi, protists.

N.b. virus are not said to be alive.

63
Q

Phagocyte

A

Cells that are able to engulf micro-organisms and cells debris.

64
Q

Plasma cell

A

A cell that develops from a B cell and produces antibodies.

65
Q

Plasmid

A

In a bacterial cell small circular strands of DNA distinct from the main bacterial genome, composed of only a few genes and able to replicate independently within cells.

66
Q

Primary response

A

The response of the immune system to the first exposure to an antigen.

67
Q

Prokaryote

A

A single-celled organism lacking a distinct nucleus or specialized organelles.

68
Q

Pyrogen

A

A substance that results in a fever

69
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

synthetic DNA made by inserting genes from one source into a DNA molecule from a different source.

70
Q

Sebum

A

An oily,waxy secretion from the sebacious glands.

71
Q

Secondary response

A

The response to a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen the secondary response is faster and more intense that the primary response.

72
Q

Self-antigen

A

Any large molecule produced in a person’s own body, does not cause an immune response in that person.

73
Q

Specific defense

A

Defense of the body that is directed against a specific pathogen.

74
Q

Suppressor T-cell.

A

A type of T cell that helps to slow down the immune response.

75
Q

Sweat

A

The liquid produced by the sweat glands on the skin

76
Q

T-cell

A

A lymphocyte that can differentiate into a number of different kinds of cell, all of which are involved in cell mediated immunity.

77
Q

Total drug resistance

A

The resistance of some strains of bacteria to all antibiotics.

78
Q

toxoid

A

A toxin from a pathogen that is altered so that it is no longer loxic

79
Q

Vaccination

A

The introduction of antigens to a person so that they acquire immunity without suffering from the illness.

80
Q

Vaccine

A

an antigen preparation used in artificial immunisation.

81
Q

Vasodilation

A

An increase in the diameter of arterioles, increasing the flow of blood through them.

82
Q

Vector

A

An agent such as an insect capable of transferring a disease causing organism from one person to another

83
Q

Virulence

A

the disease-producing power of a micro-organism

84
Q

Virus

A

An infectious agent, too small to be seen with a light microscope, consisting of a protein sheath surrounding a core of nucleic acid. Viruses are totally dependent on living cells for reproduction.

Year 12 Human Biology (7 decks)

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