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Year 12 Human Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

The CNS

A

Central Nervous system

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2
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous systems

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3
Q

Number of convultions in brain

A

Increases surface area, increasing number of neurons in cortex. Reduce traveling time of electrig signal

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4
Q

Brain lobes

A

Frontal Lobes, Parietal lobe, Motor strip, sensory stri, occipital lobes, temporal lobes, cerebellum

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5
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Personality

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6
Q

Parietal

A

Sensces

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7
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Visions and eyes

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8
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Sound and language

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9
Q

Brain Hemisphers

A

Left (controls rhs), Right (controls lhs)

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10
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Analytical thought, logic, language, science and math

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11
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Holistic thought, intuition, creativity, art and music

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12
Q

Grey matter (nervous tissue)

A

Unmyelinated. 40% of brain. Processes infomation. Fully developed early 20’s

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13
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated - insulated resulting in faster impulses (Jumps). 60% of brain. Allows communicaiton to grey areas. Develops throught 20’s, peak middle age

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14
Q

Layers of Cerebrum

A
  1. Lobes named according to the cranial bones that cover them.
  2. Cerebral cortex (2-4mm outer grey layer)
  3. White matter inside.
  4. Basal Ganglia
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15
Q

Tracts

A

Myelinated white fibers. inside CNS, tracts, outside nerves

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16
Q

White matter of cerebrum

A

Passing through, inbetween and around subortical masses of grey matter of cerebrum are tracts of white fibres

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17
Q

Types of tracts

A
  1. Connect cortex areas within same hemisphers
  2. Connect left and right hemisphers.
  3. Connect cortext to other part of brain or spinal cord
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18
Q

Cerebral cortex functions

A

Thinking, memory, intelligence, responsibility, perception of sences, muscle contraction

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19
Q

Fucntional areas of cerebral cortext

A
  1. Sensory tract- interpret sensory impulses from receptors.
  2. Motor tract - Control’s coluntary musclular movements
  3. Association areas - Concerned with intellectual and emotional processes
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20
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Wide band of nerve fibres lies underneath cerebrum along longitudinal fissure. Connect left and right hemispheres

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Exercises control over posure and balance. Co-Ordination of voluntary muscle movement. Recieves sensory info from sence receptors

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Lies in middle of the brain.

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23
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

Autonomic nervous systems, body temp, food and water intake, pattern of waking and sleeping, eotional responces, secretion of hormones.

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24
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Continuation of spinal cord below base of brain. Contains cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor and expulsion centres

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25
CNS protected by
Bones of cranum and vetebral canal. Meninges + cerebrospinal fluid
26
Meninges
Dura Mater - Outer layer lining skull. Arachnoid mater - contains blood vessels. fille dwith CSF. Pia Mater - Covers brain
27
Cerebrospinal fluid
Protection: adds as shock absorber. Buoyancy, transport and nutrition
28
Spinal Cord
Cylindrical tube from foramen magnum to L2. Aprox 44cm long. Same protection as brain except not attached to bone, attached to fat.
29
Spinal cord details
Grey and white matter reversed. White surounds Grey Butterfly central region. Central canal contains cerebral spinal fluid
30
Neurons
Basic structural unit of the nervous system - specialised.
31
Is there different typeos of neurons?
Three types of neurons, and can classify neurons either by function or structure
32
Functional neurons
Afferent (sensory) Efferent (motor) Interneuron (Connector)
33
Structural neurons
Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar
34
Functional types of neurons
Afferent + Efferent are in the PNS. Connector neurons are in the CNS
35
Multipiolar
One axon w/ multiple dendrites. In brain/spinal cord. Most common seen diagram
36
Bipolar
One axon, one dendrite. In ear, eye and nose. Takes impulses from receptor cells to other neurons
37
Unipolar
Have one extension(axon). Cell body is on side of axon. Carry messages to spinal cord
38
Nerve impulses
Can only travel in one direction along neuron. Nerve impulses travel from dendrites to cell body then along axon.
39
Synapse
Junction between two adjacent neurons. Impulses must cross the synapse
40
Neuromuscular junction
Where axon meets skeletal muscle
41
Peripheral nervous system
Afferent sensory neurons carry messages towards central nervous systems from receptors. Efferent motor neurons carry meessages away from the central nervous system
42
Reflexes
Rapid automatic responce to a stimulus.
43
All reflexes...
Require a stimulus are involuntary are rapid are stereotyped (occur in the same way each time)
44
Spinal reflexes
Carried out by the spinal cord, with no brain involvement required.
45
Reflex arch
The path taken by a nerve impulse during a reflex action
46
Reflex arch consists of
``` A receptor (neuron or specialised receptor at the end of a neuron) A sensory neuron Atleast one synapse a motor neuron A effector (muscles or glands) ```
47
Protective reflexes
Are present form birth. Some complex motor patterns are learned and are called aquired reflexes.
48
Protective reflex examples
Muscle adjustment while bike riding, jamming on brakes, catching a ball.
49
Acquired reflexes
Learend through repetition.
50
Receptors
Can detet changes in the bodies internal or external environment. Simple nerve endings or sence organs.
51
Type of receptors
Thermoreceptors, Osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors, touch receptors, pain receptors
52
Thermoreceptors
Heat and cold
53
Osmoreceptors
Sensitive to osmotic pressure - concentration of substances in blood.
54
Chemoreceptors
Stimulated by chemicals
55
Touch receptors
Sensitive to very light touches - surface of skin
56
Pain receptors
Stimulated by damage to tissues. - mainly in skin.
57
Nerve impulse
Message carried along nerve fibre
58
Nerve impulse parts
Polarisation, depolarisation, repolarisation, hyperpolerisation
59
Polarisation
Neuron is at rest in conc of Na+ is 10 times higher than outside neuron. K+ is 30 times greater inside that outside. Membrane is permeable to K+ Inside -ve charge.
60
Depolarisation
Sufficently strong stimulus applied to nerve fibe - membrane more permeable to Na+. Moves out and reverses charge. Has to be above 15mv
61
Repolarisation
Repolarises by closing Na+ gates and using K+ pump to remove potassium from neuron.
62
Hyperpolarisation
Directly after repolarisation - Na and K pumps activly Na out of fibre.
63
Conduction
Unmyelinated fibre - action potential moves along length of fibre.
64
Analogies
Line of dominoes - mexican wave.
65
Difference between large + small stimuli
Large causes neurons to be depolarised more often
66
Transmission across synapse.
Depolarisation of presynaptic knob causes influx of Ca+2 which release neutrotrasmitter. Diffuses across synapse + increase Na permeability
67
Neurotrasnmitters
Acetylcholine, adrenaline, dopamine, histamine.
68
Chemicals + Transmission
Caffine stimulate transmission. Anaesthetics depress transmission.
69
Divisions in nervous system
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system - Afferent 9Somatic - visual) + Visceral (internal organs)

Year 12 Human Biology (7 decks)

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