Immune System Dysregulation & Deficiency

Question 1

ways that immune system can dysfunction

Answer 1

pathologic condition caused by NORMAL immune response - TB/Sepsis
conditions caused by defects in immune regulation - allergy
AI disease
immunodeficiency -genetic, AIDS

Question 2

____ of world population is infected with MYOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS, but only ____% of population have risk of ACTIVE TB

Answer 2

1/3 of world population

5-10%

Question 3

in TB, _____ engulfs invader, the bacterium is able to _____ surface of phagosome so that it DOES NOT FUSE with ________ allowing bacterium to have access to nutrients to grow and multiply, more TB cells are made and burst out of _____ , which dies by _____

Answer 3

macrophage
modify
lysosome
macrophage
necrosis

Question 4

potentially life threatening complication of infection (usually from bacteria escaping abscess or local infection); bacteria enters BLOOD

Answer 4

sepsis

Question 5

both gram - and gram + bacteria cause _____, but main culprit is gram ____ like E COLI

Answer 5

sepsis

gram -

Question 6

cytokine produced primarily by macrophages in sepsis is _____ –> ____ blood volume –> ___ blood pressure –> _____

Answer 6

TNF
decrease
decrease
septic shock/HF

Question 7

sepsis and septic shock can result with _______ feedback loops, which NORMALLY allow innate immune system to react strongly and quickly, causing an over-reaction to system-wide infection

Answer 7

positive

Question 8

more than _____ % of US population suffer from type _____ hypersensitivity reactions, which include ______

Answer 8

54%
type I
allergies

Question 9

allergy is associated with Th___ bias

Answer 9

allergy = Th2

Question 10

people with allergies (ATOPIC), Th2 bias, produce large quantities of ____ antibodies

Answer 10

IgE

Question 11

non-allergic people produce large quantities of _____ antibody and have a Th__ bias

Answer 11

IgG

Th1

Question 12

allergic reactions usually have 2 phases: ____ & ____

Answer 12

immediate and delayed

Question 13

immediate reaction to allergen is work of ____ cells and ______ ; delayed reactions are done by ____ recruited from MARROW

Answer 13

mast
basophils
eosinophils

Question 14

EOSINOPHILS are prominent player in _____ allergic reactions, such as ____

Answer 14

chronic

asthma

Question 15

fetus has Th____ bias

Answer 15

Th2

Question 16

6 month old has Th__ bias

Answer 16

Th1

Question 17

with allergies: ___ end of IgE binds to MAST cells, ___ end of IgE binds to allergen which triggers mast cell degranulation; on subsequent exposure, an allergen can then _____ IgE

Answer 17

Fc
Fab
cross-link

Question 18

Th cells secrete cytokines– IL__ which will recruit many _______ from bone marrow

Answer 18

IL-5

eosinophils

Question 19

___ acts as a guidance system for mast cells, basophils and eosinophils targeting their chemistry at the parasite to destroy it

Answer 19

IgE

Question 20

___ helps activate NK cells

Answer 20

TNF

Question 21

____ causes proliferation of NK cells and CTLs

Answer 21

IL-2

Question 22

role of PLACENTA: produce large quantities of ____ which causes both maternal and fetal _______ cells to become _____

Answer 22

IL-4
helper T cells
Th2

Question 23

_____ may prevent allergies in kids by shifting Th__ bias to Th__ bias; called _____ hypothesis

Answer 23

early childhood infections
Th2 –> Th1
hygiene hypothesis

Question 24

people who are _____ are more likely to have inherited particular class MHC ____ genes

Answer 24

atopic

MHC II

Question 25

treatment for allergies

Answer 25

glucocorticoids (not specific) block the binding of IgE to mast cells (expensive) histamine blockers (claritin)

Question 26

% of population with AI disease; MC in women

Answer 26

5-7%

Question 27

results when breakdown of mechanisms meant to preserve tolerance of self is severe enough to cause pathological condition

Answer 27

AI disease

Question 28

some experts believe that AI disease has increased over last 30 years due to:

Answer 28

pollutants in environment

Question 29

AI diseases frequently follow

Answer 29

infections (bacterial or viral)

Question 30

molecular mimicry: ______ have receptors that recognize their COGNATE ANTIGEN (group of them) on the ____. explanation for why infections lead to breakdown of _____.

Answer 30

lymphocytes microbe self-tolerance

Question 31

when self-reactive ___ cells activated by MICROBIAL mimics reach tissue where they may ___ __ with self-antigens, they must be continually ______

Answer 31

T cells cross react re-stimulated

Question 32

INNATE immune system gives permission to _____ to function- this involves activation of ____ by inflammatory cytokines (ex. ___ or ___), which are secreted by cells of _____ immune system

Answer 32

adaptive immune system APCs TNF or IFN-y innate

Question 33

nerve that controls inflammation

Answer 33

vagus

Question 34

in order for AI disease to develop, ____ has to present in body

Answer 34

inflammation

Question 35

B and T cell receptors that have found their ____ can CROSS REACT with each other which may contribute to development of ____

Answer 35

APC | AI disease

Question 36

AI destruction of PANCREATIC BETA cells mediated by CTls possibly with help from Ab from self-reactive B cells

Answer 36

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Question 37

myasthenia gravis is self reactive antibodies against ____ receptor preventing it from bind; producing muscle weakness -- may be link between MG and polio virus

Answer 37

Ach receptor

Question 38

MS is immune system attack on _____ in ____ though to be due to self-reactive T cells (may be related to EBV or herpes simplex virus)

Answer 38

myelin in CNS

Question 39

T cells attack cartilage proteins in joints | IgM-IgE antibody complex can activate macrophages leading to chronic inflammation

Answer 39

RA

Question 40

LT AI disease that may affect skin, joints, kidneys, brain and other organs leading to chronic inflammation breakdown of B and T cell tolerance

Answer 40

lupus erythematosis (90% women)

Question 41

guillain-barre is a immune system attack on ____ in ____

Answer 41

myelin in PNS

Question 42

inflammatory process of spinal cord, and can cause axon demyelination

Answer 42

transverse myelitis

Question 43

genetic defeat where T cells refuse to die when cholerically stimulated by self antigens (defect in APOPTOSIS)

Answer 43

autoimmune lyphoproliferative syndrome

Question 44

3 things that must be present for AI disease

Answer 44

1 MHC molecules that can present self antigen 2 T lymphocytes and sometimes B lymphocytes with receptors that can recognize antigen 3 environmental factor

Question 45

single gene mutation leading to weakness of immune function is:

Answer 45

genetic defects (cause of immunodeficiency)

Question 46

result of single gene defect leading to a nonfunctional CD40 in B cells is that B cells are ______

Answer 46

unable to class switch

Question 47

condition that knocks out immune function by attacking helper T cells (Th)

Answer 47

AIDS

Question 48

IgE act as a guidance for ___ cells

Answer 48

mast cells

Question 49

what do malaria, aids, TB and herpes simplex all have in common

Answer 49

no effective vaccine available

Question 50

____ infection almost always leads to a "chronic phase" that can last 10+ years, with the virus eventually winning, then losing; # of Th cells gradually decreases == crippling of immune system

Answer 50

HIV infection

Question 51

HIV-1 is able to defeat immune system because the nature of virus is that it is ______ replicating, and uses _____ enzyme to copy DNA, as well as _____ mutation rate

Answer 51

slowly replicating uses viral enzymes (reverse transcriptase) high mutation rate