Vaccines

Question 1

goal of vaccination is to attempt to STIMULATE _____ immune system to create _____

Answer 1

adaptive

memory

Question 2

pros of NATURAL immunity

Answer 2

natural
no vaccine-associated adverse events
long lasting

Question 3

cons of NATURAL immunity

Answer 3

typically must experience infectious disease
risk of disease complications
potential transmission to others during infectious state

Question 4

pros of ARTIFICIALLY acquired immunity

Answer 4

relatively long lasting WITHOUT having full blown disease
reduces risk of complications from disease
reduces spread of infection in population

Question 5

cons of ARTIFICIALLY acquired immunity

Answer 5

artificial ingredients
potential vaccine side effects
risk for LT adverse events

Question 6

(2) methods of artificial immunity

Answer 6

active immunization

passive immunization

Question 7

administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response

Answer 7

active immunization

Question 8

individual acquires immunity through transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animals

Answer 8

passive immunization

Question 9

infected children with a material from a SMALLPOX scab to induce immunity is called:

Answer 9

variolation

Question 10

effectiveness of ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION checked by measure of antibody IgG or IgM level in BLOOD

Answer 10

titer

Question 11

when the titer is low, antibody production can be bolstered by administration of more ANTIGEN

Answer 11

booster immunization

Question 12

modified live vaccines that use pathogens with REDUCED VIRULENCE; results in mild infections, can provide CONTACT IMMUNITY
**organism is ALIVE, so can revert to “wild type”

Answer 12

attenuated vaccine (aka modified live)

Question 13

common inactivating agent used in non-infectious vaccines that glues proteins together so cannot infect cells because proteins are non-functional

Answer 13

formaldehyde

Question 14

vaccines that are safer than LIVE vaccines; but are antigenically weak (don’t provide many antigens to stimulate immune system); often contain ADJUVANTS

Answer 14

inactivated (killed) vaccines

Question 15

chemicals added to INCREASE effective antigenicity
may stimulate local inflammation
INCREASE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Answer 15

adjuvants

Question 16

_______ in ABSENCE of antigen trigger autoimmune responses that may lead to ______

Answer 16

adjuvants

AI diseases

Question 17

MC adjuvant in human vaccines that is found in IMMUNE COMPLEXES post vaccination

Answer 17

aluminum phosphate

Question 18

antacids are a potentially large source of exposure to ____; as well as OTC pain killers, NSAIDS, douche preparations, antiperspirants, toothpaste, dental amalgams, bleached flour, grated cheese, table salt, beer and baking powder

Answer 18

aluminum

Question 19

aluminum type that is considered “safer” than aluminum hydroxide because LESS easily absorbed and eliminated from body more efficiently

Answer 19

aluminum phosphate

Question 20

currently, it is NOT KNOW if aluminum is administered as ________ is toxic to _____

Answer 20

adjuvant in vaccines

children

Question 21

_____ vaccine: chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity (actually CAUSE SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE); useful for some BACTERIAL diseases; requires ________

Answer 21

toxoid vaccine

requires multiple doses

Question 22

ex. of toxoid vaccine

Answer 22

tetanus

Question 23

simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens is _____ vaccine; MANY concerns with ADVERSE reactions,

Answer 23

combination vaccines

Question 24

ex. of combination vaccines

Answer 24

MMR

DTaP (diphtheria, tetaneus, pertussis)

Question 25

ex of recombinate vaccines (2)

Answer 25

HPV | Hep B vaccine

Question 26

vaccine where organisms are created and genes are REMOVED that IMPAIR virulence and/or replication

Answer 26

recombinate vaccine

Question 27

theory that it is important to follow recommended immunization schedule not not to protect the individual, but also to provide society with ______

Answer 27

herd immunity

Question 28

in herd immunity, it is said that ________ people will be protected because their individual chance of encountering ______ is DECREASED

Answer 28

unvaccinated | pathogen

Question 29

when the pool of unvaccinated individuals grows above _______ where the infectious organism still persists, _______ effective is reduced and outbreaks often occur (in theory)

Answer 29

threshold | herd immunity

Question 30

administration of antiserum containing preformed antibodies that provides IMMEDIATE protection

Answer 30

passive immunotherapy (passive immunization)

Question 31

antitoxin and antivenin are examples of

Answer 31

passive immunotherapy

Question 32

immunoglobulins given to provide immediate protection against toxins, such as BOTULISM food poisoning or TETANUS

Answer 32

antitoxin

Question 33

used to treat VENOMOUS bites or stings

Answer 33

antivenin

Question 34

_____ are formed by mixing and fusing plasma cells and myeloma cells, long lived and produce antibodies in order to overcome DEGRADATION

Answer 34

hybridomas

Question 35

____ ______ B and T cells CAN BE produced even when invader DOES NOT infect an APC

Answer 35

memory helper B and T cells

Question 36

For ___ _____ T CELLS to be made, the attacker MUST infect an APC on ______

Answer 36

memory killer T cells | MHC I

Question 37

in some cases, virus-specifc CTLs can be generated even when virus does infect APC. the APC uses *MHC I molecules*

Answer 37

cross-presentation | NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD idea

Question 38

one important feature of ATTENUATED viruses is that they can produce ________ cells; but can also have serious consequences if individual is already immunospressed and virus may mutate

Answer 38

memory KILLER T CELLS

Question 39

thimerosol, mercury containing preservative is typically found in SOME ______ vaccines

Answer 39

some influenza vaccines | **NOT IN CHILDHOOD VACCINES*

Question 40

aluminum adjuvants stimulate production of ______ and can INCREASE levels of _________ in the brain

Answer 40

cytokines | pro-inflammatory cytokines