Immune System Overview

Question 1

Do NK cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 1

Lymphoid

Question 2

Do macrophages come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 2

Myeloid

Question 3

Do Monocytes come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 3

Myeloid

Question 4

Do B cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 4

Lymphoid

Question 5

Do Neutrophils come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 5

Myeloid

Question 6

Do RBC’s come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 6

Myeloid

Question 7

Do T cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 7

Lymphoid

Question 8

Do Plasma cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 8

Lymphoid

Question 9

Do Eosinophils and basophils come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 9

Myeloid

Question 10

Do Platelets come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 10

Myeloid

Question 11

Do dendritic cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?

Answer 11

Both!

Question 12

What is the cardinal sign of inflammation calor?

Answer 12

Heat

Question 13

What is the cardinal sign of inflammation rubor?

Answer 13

Redness

Question 14

What is the cardinal sign of inflammation tumor?

Answer 14

Swelling

Question 15

What is the cardinal sign of inflammation dolor?

Answer 15

Pain

Question 16

What does TLR 1 recognise?

Answer 16

Gram positive bacteria

Question 17

What does TLR 2 recognise?

Answer 17

Gram positive bacteria

Question 18

What does TLR 3 recognise?

Answer 18

Double stranded RNA

Question 19

What does TLR 4 recognise?

Answer 19

Gram negative bacteria

Question 20

What does TLR 8 recognise?

Answer 20

Double stranded RNA

Question 21

What does TLR 7 recognise?

Answer 21

Double stranded RNA

Question 22

What does TLR 9 recognise?

Answer 22

Unmethylated DNA

Question 23

What are the main 3 cytokines (acting as pro-inflammatory mediators) released by macrophages?

What do these do?

What are the bonus 2 and what do they do?

Answer 23

TNF-alpha
IL1b
IL6

These up-regulate vascular adhesion molecules, vasodilate, increase vascular permeability and induce maturation of dendritic cells

(IL8) - chemotactic agent for neutrophils
(IL12) - helps Th1 response

Question 24

What are the 5 inflammatory cascades?

Answer 24

1) complement
2) coagulation
3) bradykinin
4) arachidonic acid
5) free radicals

Question 25

What 4 things does bradykinin do in the inflammatory pathway?

Answer 25

1) PAIN! 2) increases vascular permeability 3) causes smooth muscle contraction 4) vasodilates

Question 26

What 2 things does the coagulation cascade do in the inflammatory pathway?

Answer 26

1) Increases vascular permeability | 2) attracts neutrophils via chemotaxis

Question 27

What part of the arachidonic acid pathway do steroids act on? What are these therefore good at?

Answer 27

Steroids inhibit phospholipids A2, therefore the arachidonic acid pathway can not continue meaning steroids are anti-inflammatory

Question 28

What is the first part of the arachidonic acid pathway?

Answer 28

Arachidonic acid is cleaved from membrane phospholipids by the enzyme phospholipase A2 (this may be triggered by tissue/cell damage due to insult or injury) This allows arachidonic acid to become the substrate for two enzymes and two further pathways

Question 29

What are the two pathways and enzymes that arachidonic acid can take?

Answer 29

1) the cyclooxygenase pathway (COX) 2) the lipoxygenase pathway (LOX) (Enzymes have same names as pathways respectively)

Question 30

What are the 2 products of the cyclooxygenase pathway?

Answer 30

1) prostaglandins | 2) thromboxane

Question 31

What is the product of the lipoxygenase pathway?

Answer 31

Leukotrienes

Question 32

What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation in terms of exudate? What about with fibrosis?

Answer 32

More exudate in acute inflammation, therefore more oedema Little or no fibrosis in acute inflammation compared to chronic

Question 33

What is grannulomatous inflammation? What diseases is this seen in commonly?

Answer 33

Focal groups of macrophages working to ‘wall off’ the pathogen to keep it from spreading TB Leprosy Schistosomiasis

Question 34

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergy?

Answer 34

Type 1