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Child Health > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main aims of immunisation

A
  • Primary prevention - helping healthy people avoid disease
  • Interrupt transmission of disease
  • Secondary prevention - prevent consequences of disease
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2
Q

When was the smallpox vaccine created and when was the last known case of smallpox?

A

Vaccine created in 1940s

Last known case of Smallpox = 1977

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3
Q

Describe what is meant by ACTIVE immunity

A

exposure to antigens either in environment or via artificial vaccine

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4
Q

What is PASSIVE immunity and how can it be achieved?

A

Transfer of pre-formed immunoglobulins

From mother to unborn baby

From person to person OR animal to person

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5
Q

What injections can be given to demonstrate passive immunity?

A
  • Human Immunoglobulin (e.g. HepB, rabies)

- Anti-toxins (e.g. diptheria)

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6
Q

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of giving passive immunity via injections?

A 
ADV:
- Rapid action
- Outbreak control
- Can be used if contraindication
to active vaccination

DISADV:

  • Short-term protection
  • Hypersensitivity reaction
  • Expensive
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7
Q

Describe the process of herd immunity

A

Individuals who are not vaccinated are protected by having a high percentage of people in the population who are vaccinated

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8
Q

Describe how organisms in live vaccines are manipulated to make sure they do not cause disease in humans

A

Organisms are put in a variety of animal tissues to specialise them for causing disease in that host

=> less able to cause disease in human tissue, however they can still replicate and cause immune response

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9
Q

What are the different subtypes of inactivated vaccines?

A
  • Suspensions of killed organisms
  • Subunit vaccines
  • Conjugate vaccines
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10
Q

What organisms can be found in live attenuated vaccines?

A 
measles, mumps, rubella, 
varicella
rotavirus
zoster
flu
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11
Q

Give examples of inactivated vaccines which contain killed organisms

A

whole cell pertussis (whooping cough)

whole cell typhoid

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12
Q

What organisms are found in inactivated subunit vaccines?

A

Diptheria Toxoid

Tetanus Toxoid

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13
Q

What infection cannot be protected against by herd immunity?

A

Tetanus

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14
Q

What components make up an inactivated conjugated vaccine?

A

polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins

e.g. Hib, MenC

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15
Q

When are vaccines contraindicated?

A
  • Patient has known anaphylaxis to vaccine component
  • egg allergy (found in yellow fever and flu vaccines)
  • severe latex allergy
  • Acute or evolving illness (wait until settled)
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16
Q

What vaccines are given when a baby reaches 2 months of age?

A

DTaP/IPV/HiB/ Vaccine
- Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Haemophilus Influenzae Type B,

MenB Vaccine

Rotavirus Vaccine

Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV)

17
Q

What vaccines are given when a child reaches 12-13 months?

A

MenB
Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV)
MMR
MenC/HiB

18
Q

What is the name of the document which provides all policies and regulations on vaccination programmes in the UK?

A

The Green Book

19
Q

How is meningococcal disease spread?

A

person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets of infected people (=> close contact)

20
Q

What is the incubation period of meningococcal diseases?

A

3-5 days

21
Q

What are the two age peaks in development of meningococcal infection?

A

<5yrs and 15-24yrs

22
Q

Describe the main aims in each phase of a vaccine trial

A

Phase I - safety
Phase II - Correcting the dosage to be used
Phase III - Efficacy and any rare drug reactions
Phase IV - Post marketing surveillance

23
Q

What can be distributed as part of Phase IV in a vaccine trial if patients are allergic to a specific vaccine?

A

Yellow Card Scheme

warns of allergy to vaccine

24
Q

After what age is the rotavirus vaccine no longer given?

A

Not given after 21 weeks due to safety issues

25
Q

What is meant by the Reproductive Number R0?

A

Number of cases that an individual case of infection can give rise to

26
Q

The shingles vaccine is only offered to adults. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

27
Q

What is the risk of giving vaccines before the age of 1?

A

Many babies acquire passive immunity from antibodies
through the mother’s placenta
=> any vaccine given can potentially interfere and not be as effective

28
Q

If there is suspicion of certain infectious diseases in patients, you should still wait for lab confirmation every time before notifying public health. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

certain diseases warrant no waiting as they need to be acted upon quickly

Child Health (21 decks)

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