Immunisation and prophylaxis

Question 1

What is the antibody response to primary infection?

Answer 1

Takes time for immune system to recognise and mount response against pathogen

Question 2

What is the antibody response to a second infection?

Answer 2

Faster and larger total antibody count due to immunological memory

Question 3

What are the types of vaccines?

Answer 3

Live attenuated
Inactive
Detoxifies exotoxin
Sub-unit of micro-organism

Question 4

What are live vaccines used for? 4 examples

Answer 4

MMR
BCG
Varicella-Zoster
Smallpox

Question 5

What are inactive vaccines used for?

Answer 5

Hep A
Rabies
Influenza

Question 6

How are detoxified exotoxins made?

Answer 6

Treat toxin with formalin to form toxoid

Question 7

What are detoxified exotoxins used for?

Answer 7

Diptheria

Tetanus

Question 8

.What are subunits of microorganisms used for?

Answer 8

Pertussis
Pneumococcus
Typhoid

Question 9

What are the differences in administration of live vs killed vaccines?

Answer 9

Killed vaccine requires several doses

Question 10

What vaccinations are given at 2 months?

Answer 10

6 in 1
Pneumococcal conjugate
Rotavirus
MenB

Question 11

What vaccinations are given at 3 months?

Answer 11

6 in 1

Rotavirus

Question 12

What vaccines are given at 4 months?

Answer 12

6 in 1
Pneumococcal conjugate
MenB

Question 13

What vaccinations are given at 1 year?

Answer 13

Hib/MenC
Men B
MMR
Pneumococcal conjugate

Question 14

What vaccines are given between 3 and 5 years?

Answer 14

4 in 1 booster

MMR

Question 15

What vaccines are given at 12-13 years?

Answer 15

HPV given to girls

Question 16

What vaccines are given at age 14?

Answer 16

3 in 1

MenACWY

Question 17

What % should be immunised to achieve herd immunity?

Answer 17

90-95%

Question 18

Who is BCG immunisation offered to?

Answer 18

Some infants at 0-12 months
School children with TB risk factors
New previously unvaccinated immigrants from high prevalence countries
Healthcare workers
Contact with res TB patients

Question 19

What infants are given the BCG immunisation?

Answer 19

If incidence in area/area of parents’/grandparents’ birth is >40/100,000

Question 20

What are the indications for influenza vaccine?

Answer 20

>65
Nursing home resident
Healthcare workers
Immunodeficiency/immunosuppression
Asplenia/hyposplenism
Chronic liver, renal, cardiac or lung disease
DM
Coeliac
Pregnant

Question 21

What are the 2 types of pneumococcal vaccine?

Answer 21

Pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

Question 22

When and how are pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccines given?

Answer 22

3 doses as part of childhood immunisation schedule

Question 23

When and how are Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines given?

Answer 23

Single dose for those at increased risk of pneumococcal infection

Question 24

What are the indications for Hep B vaccination?

Answer 24

Now given to all in 6 in 1
Children at high risk of exposure
Healthcare workers
Immunodeficiency
MSM
Prisoners
Chronic liver or kidney disease

Question 25

What kind of virus is Varicella-zoster vaccine?

Answer 25

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 26

How is Varicella zoster vaccine given?

Answer 26

2 doses, 4-8 weeks apart

Question 27

What are the indications for varicella-zoster vaccine?

Answer 27

Immunosuppressed Children in contact with severe VZV Healthcare workers who are serology-negative

Question 28

What kind of vaccine is herpes zoster?

Answer 28

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 29

Who is the herpes zoster vaccine given in?

Answer 29

All elderly patients

Question 30

What is assessed for risk in travellers?

Answer 30

``` Health Previous immunisation Area and duration of visa Accommodation Activities Remote areas Recent outbreaks ```

Question 31

What is done for prevention in travellers?

Answer 31

General measures Immunisation Chemoprophylaxis

Question 32

What are the common immunisations for travellers?

Answer 32

``` Tetanus Polio Typhoid Hep A Yellow fever Cholera ```

Question 33

What immunisations can be given to travellers in special circumstances?

Answer 33

``` Men ACWY Rabies Diptheria Japanese B encephalitis Tick borne encephalitis ```

Question 34

What are the types of antimicrobial prophylaxis?

Answer 34

Chemoprophylaxis Post exposure prophylaxis HIV post exposure prophylaxis Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis

Question 35

What is an example of chemoprophylaxis?

Answer 35

Against malaria

Question 36

What is an example of post exposure prophylaxis?

Answer 36

Ciprofloxacin for meningococcal disease

Question 37

When is HIV post exposure prophylaxis given?

Answer 37

Needle stick injury | Sexual intercourse

Question 38

What are the methods of prevention of malaria?

Answer 38

Awareness of risk Bite prevention Chemoprophylaxis

Question 39

What can be given for chemoprophylaxis for malaria?

Answer 39

Malarone daily Doxycycline daily Mefloquine weekly Chloroquine weekly and proquanil daily

Question 40

When is malaria related disease suspected?

Answer 40

Any illness within 1 year after return, particularly within first 3 months