Zoonoses

Question 1

What is rabies?

Answer 1

Viral infection transmitted from bite of infected animal, mainly dogs

Question 2

What is the incubation period of rabies?

Answer 2

2 weeks to several months

Question 3

How does rabies spread in the body?

Answer 3

Travels to brain via peripheral nerves and causes acute encepgalitis

Question 4

How is rabies diagnosed?

Answer 4

PCR of saliva or CSF

Often confirmed post mortem on brain biopsy

Question 5

What is the treatment of rabies?

Answer 5

Post exposure prophylaxis- human rabies immunoglobulin around bite, 4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days

Question 6

What is brucellosis?

Answer 6

Small gram negative coccobacilli

Question 7

What is the incubation period of brucellosis?

Answer 7

Usually 5-30 days, but up to 6 months

Question 8

Where is the brucellosis organism excreted into?

Answer 8

Milk
Placenta
Aborted foetus

Question 9

How is brucellosis passed from animals to people?

Answer 9

Milking infected animals
Parturition
Handling carcasses of death animals
Consumption of unpasteurised dairy products

Question 10

What are the 3 species of brucellosis?

Answer 10

Melitensis
Suis
Abortus

Question 11

What is brucellosis melitenis?

Answer 11

Most virulent form, host animals are goats, sheep and camels

Occurs in Med, South America, China, India and Middle East

Question 12

What is brucellosis suis?

Answer 12

Host animals are pigs

Occurs in North and South America, and SE Asia

Question 13

What is brucellosis abortus?

Answer 13

Least virulent form
Host animals- cattle and buffalo
Seen worldwide

Question 14

What are the phases of brucellosis?

Answer 14

Acute= 1-3 weeks
Subacute= >1 month
Chronic= months to years
Subclinical

Question 15

What are the signs and symptoms of acute brucellosis?

Answer 15

Hugh undulant fever
Weakness, headaches, drenching sweats
Splenomegaly

Question 16

What are the signs and symptoms of subacute brucellosis?

Answer 16

Fever and joint pain

Question 17

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic brucellosis?

Answer 17

Flu like
Malaise
Depression
Chronic arthritis, endocarditis, epididymo-orchitis, splenomegaly
Rarely meningism

Question 18

What is the treatment of brucellosis?

Answer 18

Long acting doxycycline for 2-3 months and rifampicin or IM gentamicin for a few weeks
If CNS disease, add co-trimoxazole

Question 19

What is the most common form of leptospirosis?

Answer 19

L hardijo from cattle

Question 20

How does leptospirosis spread to humans?

Answer 20

Penetrate unabridged skin or mucous membranes and cause systemic illness
Either via direct or indirect contact

Question 21

What is the incubation period of leptospirosis?

Answer 21

2-30 days, normally 10-14

Question 22

What are the signs and symptoms of leptospirosis?

Answer 22

Fever
Meningism
Myalgia
Headaches
Abdo pain

Question 23

What are the signs and symptoms of severe leptospirosis?

Answer 23

Weil’s disease- jaundice, AKI, bleeding

Pulmonary haemorrhage

Question 24

What sign doesn’t occur in leptospirosis where L. hardijo is the infective organism?

Answer 24

Jaundice

Question 25

How is leptospirosis diagnosed?

Answer 25

ELISA serology PCR Culture

Question 26

When should leptospirosis be considered?

Answer 26

Cattle farmers | Exposure to water or rates

Question 27

How long does leptospirosis culture take?

Answer 27

at least 1 week

Question 28

What is the early treatment of leptospirosis>

Answer 28

Doxycycline for mild | IV penicillin for severe

Question 29

What is the overall treatment for leptospirosis?

Answer 29

Doxycycline or IV penicillin Prompt dialysis Mechanical ventilation

Question 30

What is the organism associated with Lyme disease?

Answer 30

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 31

What are the possible signs and symptoms of Lyme's?

Answer 31

``` Erythema migrant Acrodermatitis chronic atroficans (ACA) Lymphocytoma Neuroborreliosis Carditis and heart block Arthritis ```

Question 32

When des erythema migrans develop in Lyme's?

Answer 32

3-90 days after bite, normally 7-30

Question 33

What is ACA?

Answer 33

Bluish-red discolouration occurring on extensor surfaces of distal extremities Peripheral neuropathy

Question 34

What causes ACA?

Answer 34

B. afzeii

Question 35

What is lymphocytoma?

Answer 35

Bluish solitary nodule, usually on earlobe or areola | More common in children

Question 36

What is neuroborreliosis?

Answer 36

Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain, lymphocytic meningitis Symptoms 2-6 weeks after bite

Question 37

How is Lyme's diagnosed?

Answer 37

Clinical diagnosis- neuro symptoms consistent and other causes excluded

Question 38

What diagnostic tests can be done for Lyme's?

Answer 38

CSF pleocytosis | Paired blood and CSF serology

Question 39

What is the treatment of Lyme's?

Answer 39

Oral doxycycline or ampicillin, or IV ceftriaxone | Treat for 21 days, or 28 if ACA or arthritis