- erythema - localized edema - decreased BP - increased HR - increased secretion of gastric/mucosal cells - increased vascular permeability - increased smooth muscle contraction

Immunity Flashcards by Jessica Lai

What are the different types of leukocytes and their functions

neutrophils - inflammatory response
eosinophils and basophils - allergic reactions and stress reactions

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What are the different kinds of non-granular lymphocytes and their functions?

macrophages - phagocytosis
null lymphocytes - antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity
natural killer cells - secrete macrophage activating cytokines

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What is the function of B-cells?

B-cells produce antibodies that are specific to a specific antigen tag them for T-cells.

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What is the function of CD4 cells?

Helper T cells summon other lymphocytes during infection

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What is the function of CD8 cells?

Killer T-cells bind to antigens and attack the cells.

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How do antibodies provide defense against antigens?

Agglutination - clumping of antigens
Opsonization - facilitate phagocytosis
stimulates release of histamines and cytokines

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What are the 5 signs of inflammation

redness
warmth
swelling
pain
loss of function

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What is autoimmunity and some examples?

Attack against self cells.
Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

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What is alloimmunity and examples?

Rejection of foreign tissue.
Graft/transplant rejection. Blood transfusion reaction.

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What are some examples of natural or innate immunity, and their characteristics?

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, mechanical responses.
Characteristics: non-specific, first-line defense, rapid & generalized response

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How do macrophages respond to initial infection?

Macrophages perform phagocytosis, release cytokines, and stimulate inflammation.

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How does humoral immunity work?

Antibody mediated: B-lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies to protect against pathogens. Memory B-cells allow for greater and faster response in subsequent infections.

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How does cell-mediated immunity work?

CD8 bind to antigen-presenting pathogens and induces apoptosis. CD4 cells secrete cytokines to attract other immune cells. Suppressor T-cells suppress immune response, while memory T-cells prepare for future infections.

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What molecules are responsible for allergic reactions?

IgE antibodies trigger mast cells/basophils

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Histamine S/Sx

erythema
localized edema
decreased BP
increased HR
increased secretion of gastric/mucosal cells
increased vascular permeability
increased smooth muscle contraction

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H1 antagonists

diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratadine (Claritin)

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H2 antagonists

Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac)

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What are the treatment steps for anaphylaxis?

remove allergen
provide O2 or CPR
call RRT
Trendelenburg position
medications per orders

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What are the medications used in case of anaphylaxis?

epinephrine SQ 1:1000
IV fluids
albuterol
diphenhydramine
corticosteroids

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What type of reaction is an anaphylactic reaction?

Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

What type of reaction is a transfusion reaction?

Type II Cytotoxic reaction or alloimmune reaction.

What type of reaction is a transplant rejection?

Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity reaction or alloimmune reaction.

What type of reaction is Sjogren’s Syndrome?

Type II Cytotoxic reaction or autoimmune reaction

What type of reaction is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Type III Immune complex reaction or autoimmune reaction

What type of reaction is SLE?

Type III Immune Complex reaction or autoimmune reaction

What type of reaction is a skin TB test?

Type IV Delayed Hypersensitivity reaction

What is a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction

It is an overreaction of the immune system and igE overproduction due to an antigen or allergen

What is a Type II Cytotoxic Reaction

A special reaction in which the immune system attacks self cells because antibodies attach to self-cells

What is a Type III Immune Complex Reaction?

Excessive antigen response resulting in acute or chronic inflammation

What is a Type IV Delayed Hypersensitivity reaction?

A delayed reaction after exposure to an antigen

What is the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis

Inflammatory responses break down collagen in synovial tissues, resulting in edema, nerve compression, pain, and nerve cell breakdown.

What is the pathophysiology of SLE?

Immune responses recognize cellular components of self cells as foreign, causing chronic activation of B and T cells.

What is the pathophysiology of Goodpasture's Syndrome?

immune response against glomerular basement membranes and neutrophils, commonly in lungs and kidneys

What is the pathophysiology of Sjogren's Syndrome?

Autoimmune response to mucosa and glands, usually lacrimal, salivary, and vaginal.

Rituximab

monoclonal antibody Tx for Sjogren's Syndrome

methotrexate

Rheumatrex DMARD treatment for RA and SLE immunosuppressant

medications for RA

methotrexate prednisone NSAIDs cyclosporine

medications for SLE

monoclonal antibody corticosteroids methotrexate NSAIDs

S/Sx SLE

skin: butterfly rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers cardiac: pleural effusion, HTN, dysrhythmias, CVD hematologic: anemia musculoskeletal: joint pain renal: nephritis, renal failure neurological: psychosis, cognitive impairment, seizure, neuropathy, stroke

S/Sx Rheumatoid Arthritis

symmetrical joint pain, swelling, warmth, erythema, loss of function spongy or boggy tissue fluid-filled joints or nodules anemia lymph node enlargement Raynaud's syndrome neuropathy splenomegaly pericarditis Sjogren's syndrome

Diagnostic tests for immune function

CBC w/ differential serum IgE, ANA, cDNA, anti-CCP, CRP levels skin test

S/Sx Anaphylaxis

flushing urticaria angioedema hypotension tachycardia bronchoconstriction N/V diarrhea pain wet eyes/stuffy nose (10)

Determine the isolation precautions for the following diseases. C. diff HiB Pertussis Measles TB Mumps Rubella MRSA VRSA Pneumonia Varicella Herpes

C. diff - contact HiB - droplet Pertussis - droplet Measles - airborne TB - airborne Mumps - droplet Rubella - droplet MRSA - contact VRSA - contact Pneumonia - droplet Varicella - airborne Herpes - contact

What is the pathophysiology of Raynaud phenomenon?

Type III hypersensitivity response causes acute inflammation and increased clotting factors, which causes swelling, decreased blood flow, and increase blood viscosity.

What are the signs and symptoms of AIDS?

opportunistic infections recurrent pneumonia wasting syndrome Kaposi's sarcoma (purple lesions) candidiasis herpes simplex > 1 month lymphoma

What are the classifications of HIV

Stage 1: CD4 = >500 cells/mm, >29% Stage 2: CD4 = 200-499 cells/mm, 14-28% Stage 3 (AIDS) : CD4 < 200 cell/mm, <14% - other signs and symptoms

What are signs and symptoms of HIV

chills, rash, nausea, weight loss, fatigue, weakness, sore throat, night sweats anemia, thrombocytopenia (<150,000), leukopenia

What are the diagnostic tests for HIV infection?

ELISA and Western blot or IFA antibody tests. HIV RNA viral load test

What are the diagnostic tests for HIV infection?

ELISA and Western blot or IFA antibody tests. HIV RNA viral load test