Immunity

Question 1

what are the types of pathogens?

Answer 1

virus, bacterium, animal, fungal, protozoan

Question 2

what is a virus pathogen?

Answer 2

DNA/RNA in a protein shell

Question 3

what is a bacterium pathogen?

Answer 3

single-celled prokaryote

Question 4

what is an animal pathogen?

Answer 4

multi-celled eukaryote, heterotrophic

Question 5

what is a fungal pathogen?

Answer 5

multi-celled eukaryote, suprozoic

Question 6

what is a protozoan pathogen?

Answer 6

single-celled eukaryote, with membrane bound organelles

Question 7

what is innate defense?

Answer 7

first line of defense,
present prior to exposure,
not enhanced by repetition exposure, does not discriminate

Question 8

what are the two types of specific/adaptive/acquired defense?

Answer 8

cell-mediated (immunity),
humoral immunity

Question 9

what is cell-mediated immunity

Answer 9

intracellular, cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells

Question 10

what is humoral immunity?

Answer 10

extracellular, antibody production, helper T and B-cells

Question 11

examples of innate barriers?

Answer 11

species resistant, anatomic barriers, physiological barriers, phagocytic barriers, inflammation

Question 12

what is species resistance?

Answer 12

disease effecting one species may not effect another

Question 13

what are anatomical barriers?

Answer 13

skin, mucous membranes

Question 14

what are physiological barriers?

Answer 14

pH in the stomach, interferons, enzymes

Question 15

what are phagocytic barriers?

Answer 15

neutrophils: kill but don’t present
macrophage: kill and present
NK cells: monitor self cells for proper function, don’t present

Question 16

what is inflammation?

Answer 16

(innate and specific) mobilizes the immune system/ WBC attack infection -good inflammation

Question 17

what are the symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 17

readness (more RBC)
heat (action happening)
swelling (fluid)
pain (nerve fibers compressed due to swelling)

Question 18

how does inflammation occur?

Answer 18

1a. leukocytes/protagladins related from injured and infected cells
1b. Vasodilation
2. margination: endothelial cells + WBC become “stickier”
3. diapedesis: WBC leave blood vessel
4. chemotaxis: WBC are drawn to site of injury
5. WBC’s phagocytize pathogens

Question 19

what is specific immunity?

Answer 19

pathogen specific, self vs. non-self, antigens elicit immune response

Question 20

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 20

T and B cells

Question 21

where do T-cells mature and house?

Answer 21

the thymus, housed in lymph nodes

Question 22

where do B-cells mature and housed?

Answer 22

the bone marrow, housed in the lymph nodes

Question 23

what are immunoglobulins?

Answer 23

(Ig) specific antibodies

Question 24

what is proliferation?

Answer 24

the process of making many copies of the “key” T-cell to an infected cell

Question 25

what are antibody actions?

Answer 25

1. bind to antigens- agglutination, make obvious to phagocytic cells 2. activate set of enzymes to attack antigens 3. promote inflammation

Question 26

what is naturally acquired active immunity?

Answer 26

exposed to pathogen- antibodies

Question 27

what is artificially acquired active immunity?

Answer 27

vaccine

Question 28

what is naturally acquired passive immunity?

Answer 28

transfer of antibodies (mother-fetus, mother-child when breast feeding)

Question 29

what is artificially acquired passive immunity?

Answer 29

injection of antibodies

Question 30

what is given when antibodies don't cut it for bacterial infections?

Answer 30

Antibiotics

Question 31

what is given when antibodies don't cut it for viral infections?

Answer 31

antiviral drugs

Question 32

what is CRISPR?

Answer 32

drug specific ABO for certain bacteria

Question 33

what is a type 1 allergic reaction?

Answer 33

response to non-harmful substances

Question 34

what are symptoms of a type 1 allergic reaction?

Answer 34

asthma, too much IgE-histamine, hives, hay fever, anaphylactic shock

Question 35

what are symptoms of anaphylactic shock?

Answer 35

bronchoconstriction, massive vasodilation, low bp, swelling/inflammation

Question 36

what are treatments for anaphylactic shock?

Answer 36

Epinephrine: bronchodialator, vasoconstrictor, bp goes up, hr goes up, increases contraction- stroke volume goes up, bp goes up