Immunity

Question 1

What is natural immunity?

Answer 1

occurs through the body’s own immune system without medical intervention

Question 2

What is artificial immunity?

Answer 2

requires medical intervention

Question 3

What is active immunity?

Answer 3

when an individual’s own immune system is activated; has a delayed response but gives memory

Question 4

What is passive immunity?

Answer 4

when an individual receives antibodies from another individual or large mammal; immediate response but does not give memory

Question 5

What is natural active immunity?

Answer 5

immunity that is gained through recovery from a disease

Question 6

What is an example of natural active immunity?

Answer 6

Immunity that is achieved through recovering from a measles or chickenpox infection.

Question 7

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 7

antibodies are naturally passed from a mother to the child.

Question 8

What is an example of natural passive immunity?

Answer 8

• The antibody IgG crosses the placenta to the fetus.
• IgA is transferred to the baby through breast milk.

Question 9

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 9

an individual receives antibodies from a donor (prophylaxis or treatment).

Question 10

What is an example artificial passive immunity?

Answer 10

1. used to prevent disease after exposure to diseases such as rabies and chickenpox.
2. it can also be used to treat diseases caused by bacterial toxins (tetanus or diphtheria)
3. treat active infections (Ebola infections).

Question 11

What is artificial active immunity?

Answer 11

exposure of an individual to inactivated or weakened pathogens in order to activate adaptive immunity. (through vaccination/immunization).

Question 12

What is an example of artificial active immunity?

Answer 12

Receiving a vaccine against the influenza virus.

Question 13

What is herd immunity?

Answer 13

when a small number of individuals in the population are susceptible to a disease. This prevents the disease from spreading effectively. Vaccination programs reduce the number of susceptible people in a population, creating herd immunity.

Question 14

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 14

a person is exposed to a weakened strain of a pathogen

Question 15

What is an advantage of a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 15

It develops long-lasting immunity.

Question 16

What is a disadvantage of a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 16

There is a risk of reversion.

Question 17

What is an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 17

a person is exposed to inactivated or killed whole pathogens.

Question 18

What is an advantage of an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 18

There is no risk of developing a severe active infection

Question 19

What is a disadvantage of an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 19

It requires higher doses and more boosters.

Question 20

What is a subunit vaccine?

Answer 20

Only key antigens of a pathogen are used.

Question 21

What is an advantage of a subunit vaccine?

Answer 21

There is a lower risk of side effects.

Question 22

What is a disadvantage of a subunit vaccine?

Answer 22

It has limited longevity.

Question 23

What is a toxoid vaccine?

Answer 23

inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids) are used.

Question 24

What is an advantage of a toxoid vaccine?

Answer 24

humoral immunity is activated to neutralize the toxin.

Question 25

What is a disadvantage of a toxoid vaccine?

Answer 25

it doesn’t prevent infection

Question 26

What is a conjugate vaccine?

Answer 26

it contains a capsule polysaccharide conjugated to protein.

Question 27

What is an advantage of a conjugate vaccine?

Answer 27

There is a T-dependent response to the capsule.

Question 28

What is a disadvantage of a conjugate vaccine?

Answer 28

its production is costly.

Question 29

What are hypersensitivities?

Answer 29

They are undesirable immune responses to an antigen.

Question 30

What are type I hypersensitivities?

Answer 30

allergies - ex: Anaphylaxis (local and systemic), seasonal hay fever, food and drug allergies.

Question 31

What are type II hypersensitivities?

Answer 31

cytotoxic - ex: Red blood cell destruction caused by Rh incompatibility with mother and fetus or mismatched blood types after a transfusion.

Question 32

What are type IV hypersensitivities?

Answer 32

Type I diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis.

Question 33

What are autoimmune diseases?

Answer 33

ones where the immune system attacks normal body cells. women are more likely to be affected by autoimmune diseases.

Question 34

What are examples of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 34

- graves disease - celiac disease - type 1 diabetes mellitus - addison disease - lupus - psoriasis

Question 35

What are immunodeficiencies?

Answer 35

they are acquired or inherited disorders where parts of the immune system are either defective or missing.

Question 36

What are primary (genetic) immunodeficiencies?

Answer 36

caused by inherited defects of the immune defenses

Question 37

What are examples of primary immunodeficiencies?

Answer 37

1. chronic granulomatous disease 2. selective IgA deficiency 3. severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Question 38

What are secondary (acquired) immunodeficiencies?

Answer 38

acquired and are caused by defective function of B or T cells or both. They can be reversible.

Question 39

What are examples of secondary immunodeficiencies?

Answer 39

HIV/AIDS