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Micro > Prokaryotic Diversity > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a community?

A

a group of populations of organisms that interact

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2
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

the relationship between different species that are living together

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3
Q

What is mutualism?

A

when both species benefit from one another

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4
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One organism benefits and the other is neutral

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5
Q

What is neutralism?

A

When both organisms are unaffected.

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6
Q

What is amensalism?

A

When one is harmed and the other stays unaffected

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7
Q

What is parasitism?

A

When one organism benefits while the other is harmed.

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8
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes in a particular environment

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9
Q

What is a resident microbiota?

A

microbes that constantly live on or inside the human body

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10
Q

What is transient microbiota?

A

microbes that are temporarily found in the body

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11
Q

What is gram negative bacteria?

A

thin peptidoglycan cell wall, they appear red/pink after the safranin stain.

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12
Q

What are the classes of gram-negative bacteria?

A
  1. Proteobacteria
  2. Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides
  3. Spirochetes.
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13
Q

What is proteobacteria?

A

gram-negative bacteria that are very diverse (LARGEST phylum of bacteria)

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14
Q

What are examples of proteobacteria?

A

1) E.coli
2) Bordetella Pertussis

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15
Q

What are CFB bacteria?

A

microbes in the microbiota of the human gut

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16
Q

What are examples of CFB bacteria?

A

Bacteriodes

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17
Q

What is an example of a spirochete?

A

Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis)

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18
Q

What is gram positive bacteria?

A

thick peptidoglycan cell wall, they retain the crystal violet stain after the gram-stain procedure. They are further classified into low G+C and high G+C (guanine and cytosine)

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19
Q

What is low G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

less than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA

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20
Q

What are high G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

more than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA

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21
Q

What are examples of low G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

1) Bacillus anthracis (cause anthrax)
2) Clostridium tetani (cause tetanus)
3) Listeria monocytogenes (cause listeriosis)

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22
Q

What are examples of high G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

1) Corynebacterium diphtheriae (cause diphtheria)
2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (cause tuberculosis).

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23
Q

What are atypical bacteria?

A

A bacteria is not gram-positive or gram-negative. They cannot be stained by the gram stain procedure because they are too small.

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24
Q

What are examples of atypical bacteria?

A

1) Chlamydia
2) Rickettsia
3) Cell wall-less (mycoplasma)

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25
Q

What is the gram reaction and morphology of proteobacteria?

A

gram reaction: gram negative
morphology: diverse, they can be cocci, bacillus, vibrio, and spiral

26
Q

Compared to other phyla, how do proteobacteria compare with regard to number of species?

A

Proteobacteria is the largest phylum of bacteria. It is the biggest group, and it is divided into five classes

27
Q

According to endosymbiotic theory, a member of proteobacteria became which organelle?

A

mitochondria

28
Q

What is unique about rickettsia and chlamydia?

A

They are obligate intracellular parasites. They benefit from other cells while harming them. They need to live inside of a host cell so they can reproduce.

29
Q

What is rickettsia?

A

need a part of their life cycle to occur inside of host cells. They rely on other cells for their energy needs. They cannot synthesize their own ATP and are metabolically inactive outside of the host cell.
- morphology: can be cocci, bacilli, or threads

30
Q

How is rickettsia transmitted?

A

by different arthropods such as ticks and lice

31
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by rickettsia?

A

1) epidemic typhus
2) Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

32
Q

What is chlamydia?

A

gram-negative nonproteobacteria that are resistant to cellular defenses.
- morphology: coccoid or ovoid bacterium
- can spread from one host to host very fast through elementary bodies.

33
Q

What are examples of diseases that can be caused by chlamydia?

A

1) chlamydia
2) pneumonia
3) trachoma

34
Q

How is chlamydia transmitted?

A

It is transmitted through direct contact.

35
Q

What are Enterobacteriaceae (enteric bacteria)?

A

intestinal bacteria
- anaerobes that can ferment carbohydrates
- two categories: coliforms, and noncoliforms
- gram-negative bacillus bacteria

36
Q

What are coliforms?

A

can completely ferment lactose to produce acids and gas

37
Q

What is the gram reaction and morphology of spirochetes?

A

gram-negative spirochete bacteria are thin, long, and spiral-shaped

38
Q

What is unique about the flagella of spirochetes?

A

endoflagella wrap around the entire cell in the periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane. The endoflagella is anchored at each end and twist around the spirochete. When they turn, the whole cell twists in a corkscrew-like movement. This type of movement allows it to move through viscous environments.

39
Q

What gives cyanobacteria their blue-green color?

A

chlorophyll

40
Q

How are cyanobacteria important for the environment/atmosphere?

A

They do oxygenic photosynthesis which produces a lot of oxygen.
- vital role in the anoxic atmosphere of the Earth
- can also fix nitrogen.

41
Q

According to endosymbiotic theory, a member of cyanobacteria became which organelle?

A

chloroplasts

42
Q

What are the unique features of the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria?

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan that forms the cell wall. It retains the primary stain, Crystal violet. They have different guanine to cytosine ratios in their DNA and they are composed of 16S rRNA subunits

43
Q

What is meant by high H+C in high G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

Their DNA contains more than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides.

44
Q

What is unique about mycobacterium?

A

bacilli that are covered with a mycolic acid coat
- mycolic acid coat is a waxy coat that has many functions. It prevents drying out, blocks the penetration of Gram stain reagents, and it protects against some antibiotics.
- require an acid-fast stain to see them.

45
Q

What is meant by low G+C in low G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

Their DNA contains less than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides.

46
Q

What is unique about Clostridium?

A

strict anaerobes that are rod-shaped
- they produce endospores
- all known species are pathogenic.

47
Q

Clostridium and Bacillus are the only Genera (genus plural) that can produce what structure?

A

Endospores

48
Q

What are mycoplasmas?

A

the smallest bacteria that do not have a cell wall

49
Q

Why are mycoplasmas pleomorphic?

A

they can take on many shapes making them difficult to identify

50
Q

What are deeply branching bacteria? Where does this name come from?

A

It comes from where they are placed on the phylogenetic tree of life. They branch deep and close to the last universal common ancestor root.

51
Q

What is Deinococcus radiodurans?

A

polyextremophile (can live in various kinds of extreme environments)
- It can survive doses of ionizing radiation that would normally kill all other known bacteria.

52
Q

What is the nickname for Deinococcus radiodurans? How did it get that nickname?

A

Conan the Bacterium
- it got the nickname because it is very tough as it can survive in the harshest environments

53
Q

What are the structural differences between Archaea and Bacteria?

A

1) The cell membrane of archaea is made up of ether linkages that have branched isoprene chains while the cell membrane of bacteria has ester linkages with unbranched fatty acids.
2) The cell walls of archaea also lack peptidoglycan and instead has pseudopeptidoglycan or pseudomurein.
3) It also has a larger and more complex genome than bacteria.

54
Q

Why do you think there are no known human pathogens found in the domain Archaea?

A

There are no known pathogens because there are no archaea present in the human microbiota as many prefer to live in more extreme environments (there are a few exceptions).

55
Q

What are methanogens?

A

reduce carbon dioxide when hydrogen is present producing methane gas
- they are able to live in the most extreme environments and produce gases in humans and in ruminants

56
Q

What are general examples of the classes of proteobacteria?

A

1) Enterobacter (major class)
2) klebsieilla homophiles
3) Legionella
4) Proteus
5) Shigella
6) Yersinia (agent of the black plague)

57
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by proteobacteria?

A

1) Neisseria gonorrhea
2) E.coli
3) Pseudomonas aeuginosa
4) Rickettsia typhi
5) Agrobacterium tumefaciens (infects plants, causes root tumors)

58
Q

Are most bacteria gram-negative or gram-positive?

A

gram-negative

59
Q

What are examples of high G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

1) mycobacterium tuberculosis
2) lactobacillus (important in food microbiology)

60
Q

What are examples of low G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

1) Clostridium and Bacillus
2) Mycoplasma

61
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by mycoplasma?

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae (agent of walking pneumonia)

62
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by spirochetes?

A

1) treponema pallidum (agent of syphillis)
2) borrelia burgodorferi (agent that causes Lyme disease)

Micro (21 decks)

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