immunity Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
blood helps to maintain
A
homeostasis
2
Q
blood is involved with (funciton) 7
A
- transports o2 and co2
- trnasports salts and minerals
- maintaining ph
- maintaining temp
- maintaining h2o balance
- clotting
- infection fighting
3
Q
what is blood
A
a fluid tissue
4
Q
the avg person has how much blood
A
5L
5
Q
percentage of blood that is fluid plasma and cells suspended in fluid form
A
55%- fluid plasma
45%- cells suspended in fluid form
6
Q
what is in the plasma portion of the blood 8
A
- mainly water
- minor dissolved o2
- co2
- nutrients
- waste
- salts
- hormones
- vitamins
7
Q
what is in the 45% that are cells suspended in fluid form 3
A
- RBC
- WBC
- platelets
8
Q
what are RBCs and does it have a nucleus
A
erythrocytes, no nucleus
9
Q
what are WBCs and does it have a nucleus
A
leukocytes, nucleus
10
Q
what are platelets and does it have a nucleus
A
thrombocytes, no nucleus
11
Q
temperature regulation through..
A
vasodilation/constriction
12
Q
what two substances promote vasodilation
A
alcohol and nicotine
13
Q
arteries lie next to each other to do what
A
exchange heat
14
Q
how much percent of the 45% is RBC, WBC, and platelets
A
RBC (erythrocytes)- 45%
WBC (leukocytes) and platelets- <1%
they’re all formed elements
15
Q
RBC function
A
to carry o2 to deliver it to the cells of the body
16
Q
RBC contains a special unit called what? function?
A
contains special protein unit called hemoglobin
function of hemoglobin is to carry o2
17
Q
where is RBC manufactured
how long do these cells live
what happens after
A
manufactured in the bone marrow
- cells live for about 120 days, after which they’re broken down by liver and spleen
18
Q
what happens to the iron from the hemoglobin? heme group?
A
the iron from the hemoglobin is recycles and the heme group is used as bile pigment
19
Q
what shape are RBCs and why
A
concave shape to carry more o2
20
Q
leukocytes (WBC) function
A
combat infections and toxic agents
21
Q
how many WBCs does the avg adult have
A
7000 WBCs/mm3 of blood
22
Q
there are five kinds of leukocytes: (+ function)
A
- neutrophils > first defense against pathogens by phagocytosis
- eosinophils > attack and kill parasites
- basophils > alert cells that pathogens are present and make histamines (cause allergy symptoms)
- monocytes > break down bacteria
- lymphocytes > cellular immunity and create antibodies
23
Q
leukocytes function in two ways:
A
- destroys mutating agents by the process of phagocytosis (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes #1-#4)
- forms antibodies (lymphocytes #5)
24
Q
where are lymphocytes produced
A
in the lymph glands (lymph nodes)
- spleen (beside stomach)
- thymus (chest)
- tonsils (back of throat)
25
lymph nodes are
spongy tissues
26
2 functions of lymph nodes
1. removes foreign particles from lymph fluid before it returns to general circulation
2. produce lymphocytes (10 billion a day)
27
what is plasma
fluid part of the blood
28
what does plasma contain 5
- proteins
- waste
- water
- nutrients
- ions
29
plasma function
transport of co2
30
what are platelets 2
fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart
- used in blood clotting
31
what does a clot consist of? once blood vessels repair what happens
clot consists of platelets and blood cells all tangles together in fibrin threads
once blood vessels repair, plasmin destroys the fibrin threads and restores circulation
32
blood clotting steps 3
1. damaged platelets and tissue cells release thromboplastin (a prothrombin activator)
2. thromboplastin releases calcium ions to cause prothrombin to become the enzyme, "thrombin"
3. the enzyme, "thrombin," causes fibrinogen to become fibrin, which is a key component in clotting
33
anemia + 3 symptoms
a disorder
- a deficiency in the number of RBCs, resulting from an iron deficiency
symptoms
- tiredness
- feeling run down
- hair loss
34
sickle cell anemia + result?
disorder
- a genetic disorder where RBCs are no longer donut-shaped, but sicle shaped (C)
- because of this mutation, the RBCs do not efficiently transport o2 and do not flow as easily through blood vessels
35
carbon monoxide and hemoglobin. results?
CO has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than O2 does, making it easily bind and cause carbon monoxide poisoning
36
what happens to O2 levels at high altitudes. ex?
at high altitudes, o2 levels are low, so the body increases the number of red blood cells
- athletes often train at high altitudes to increase their number of RBCs so they can exchange more o2
37
thrombus
a blood clot that forms in a blood vessel, cutting off blood flow and o2 supply
38
embolus
is a blood vlot that dislodges (is forced out of position) and is carried by the circulatory system to vital organs. if the clot stops, blocking blood vessels in the brain, its a stroke. if it blocks the heart, its a heart attack
39
hemophilia
is an inherited clotting disorder where a person lacks clotting factors. the blood does not clot appropriately without this clotting factor to initiate the process
40
two main blood groups are
ABO and Rh system
41
4 main types the ABO system has
- A
- B
- AB
- O
42
the rh (Rhesus) system has
- and +
43
what are the eight possible blood types
A + and -
B + and -
AB + and -
O + and -
44
blood types with Rh factor vs without
with: Rh+
without: Rh-
45
what do Rh people generally DONT have?
they generally do not have + antibodies
46
what happens when the fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-
- the mom will start to build up antibodies to the Rh+ factor (baby) which will lead to miscarriage
- the anti Rh+ bodies will crossover the PLACENTA and can destroy the baby's RBCs
47
what antibodies are in the plasma for each blood type
A- Anti-b > <
B- anti-a ) (
AB- none
O- both anti-a and anti-b
48
which antigens are on/in RBC for each blood type
A- a antigen O
B- b antigen <>
AB- a and b antigen
O- none
49
which blood type is the universal donor and recipient
donor: O-
recipient: AB-
50
Rh factors - + receive and donor
+ can be given both - and +. can only receive +
- can be given only -. can receive both - and +
51
how are blood types determined
by the antigens on the blood cell
52
what happens to antigens if blood type isn't compatible
antigens are destroyed by antibodies
53
what is the lymphatic system
network of vessels with glands throughout the body containing a fluid called lymph
54
lymphatic system function
helps to maintain the fluid levels
- fluid from the interstitial cells moves into the lymphatic vessels. this fluid rejoins the circulatory system at the heart
also works with WBC to protect against infection
55
what does lymph contain
lymphocytes and macrophages to trap and destroy bacteria
56
nonspecific defenses (innate immunity) vs specific defenses (adaptive immunity)
non specific: 1st and 2nd line of defense
specific: 3rd line of defense
57
what is the immune system
the body's defense (phys and chem barriers) against disease-causing organisms, malfunctioning ce lls, and foreign particles
58
what is the first line of defense?
function? examples
the first line of defense is the innate immune system
consists of physical barriers like the skin and mucosal lining in the respiratory tract
- tears, sweat, saliva, and mucous produced by the skin and mucosal lining are apart of the phys lining
function is to block pathogens and foreign materials from entering the body
59
function of skin (1st layer) 3
- the dead, outer layer of the skin, known as the epidermis
- waterproof
- prevents pathogens from entering
60
function of mucous and cilia (1st layer) 2
- foreign particles bump into mucous in respiration system and become stuck
- cilia sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing
61
function of saliva (1st layer) 2
- contains many chemicals that break down bacteria
- however, thousands of different types of bacteria can survive these chemicals
62
function of stomach acid (1st layer)
swallowed bacteria are broken down by hydochloric acid in stomach
63
function of hair (1st layer)
traps pathogens from entering eyes or ears
64
function of wax (1st layer)
in ear, traps pathogens
65
second line of defense (nonspecific defenses) function
- if invaders actually get within the body, then wbcs begin their attack
66
WBCs (2nd line) 3
- function
- found where
- they normally circulate throughout the blood but will enter the body's tissues if invaders are detected
- they're responsible for eating foreign particles by engulfing them (phagocytosis)
- found in the liver, spleen, brain, and lungs. circulate throughout the body
67
phagocytosis steps (4)
1. phagocytes eat bacteria
2. parts of the bacteria (antigen) break down and go to the surface of phagocytes
3. phagocytes present the antigen to a helper T cell
4. helper T cell is activated
68
complement protein function 2
- plasma protein that tags microbe for phagocytosis
- can also puncture cell membranes or trigger the formation of mucus coating
69
7 steps of the secondary line of defense when pathogens enter a wound
draw diagram?
1. bacteria and other pathogens enter the wound
2. platelets from blood releases blood-clotting proteins at the wound site (when clots dry = scabs)
3. mast cells secrete factors that mediate vasodilation and vasoconstriction. delivery of blood, plasma, and cells to injured area increases (send stuff to blood vessel)
4. neutrophils (coming out of blood vessels) secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens
5. neutrophils and macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis
6. macrophages secrete hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair
7. inflammatory response continues until foreign material is eliminated and the wound is repaired
70
third line of defense (antibody-meditated immunity)
- next, they can trigger the production and release of antibodies (specific defenses)
71
what are antibodies
proteins that latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles
- each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as antigens
72
antigens 2
are molecules that are found on the surface of a cell on the pathogens
- they're the identification system to identify foreign invaders
73
WBC- b cells 3
a lymphocyte made in the bone marrow
- produces antibodies
- each b cell produces a single type of antibody which is displayed on its cell membrane
74
antibody production 3
- WBCs gobble up invading particles and break them up
- they show the particle pieces to T cells, who then identify the pieces and find specific B cells to help
- B cells produce antibodies that are equipped to find a specific piece on a new particle and attach cus they have the same shape as the antigen receptor
75
helper t cells 3
- has receptors that bind to fragments of antigens
- they release lymphokines which activate B cells
- helper t cells also activate killer t cells
76
memory b cell
hold an imprint of the antigen so if you come into contact with it again, your body can quickly make antibodies
77
memory t cell 3
remain in bloodstream
- act quickly when antigen is found
don't make antibodies
78
viruses
they enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus-making factory. the cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells
79
draw diagram of the immune system process
a
80
how long does a person remain ill with new vs old particles
- new particles take longer to identify and a person remains ill until a new antibody can be crafted
- old particles are quickly recognized and a person may never become ill from that invader again. this person is now immune
81
explain the antibody chart thing
few antibodies are made and it lasts for a shorter amount of time. by the second exposure to the antigen, WAY more antibodies are made (3x) and it lasts for a much longer amount of time
82
active immunity
- when you produce the antibodies
- your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past either through:
>> - exposure to the actual disease-causing antigen. you fought it, won it, and remembered it.
>> - vaccine. planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been killed/weakened. detected it, eliminated it, and remember it.
83
passive immunity
- you dont produce antibodies
- a mother will pass immunities onto her baby during pregnancy through the placenta
- these antibodies will protect the baby for a short time following birth, while its immune system develops. lasts until antibodies die.
84
allergies
- immune system mistakes harmless antigens for harmful ones
85
allergy symptoms 9
- tissue swelling
- mucus secretion
- nausea
- sweating
- fainting
- weakness
- drop in blood pressure
- constricted air passages
- anaphylactic reaction (life threatening)
86
allergy process
danger > releases bradykinin > histamine > symptoms
87
autoimmune disease 3
- when you immune system attacks its own cells
- renegade (disloyal) t cells attack your cells, usually suppressor T cells will keep them in check
- ex type 1 diabetes, MS
88
organ transplant rejection 3
- body could recognize the organ as foreign (different antigens present than yours)
- protein markers help reduce chances of rejection (MHC) - find best match possible
- immunosuppression drugs often have to be taken for the rest of your life after a transplant. this compromises your immune system
89
vaccine 4
- antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system to produce immunity
- because the virus has been killed or weakened, minimal symptoms occur
- introduce an antigen to generate an immune response that will trigger the formation of memory cells
- have eradicated or severely limited several diseases from the face of the earth such as polio and smallpox
90
how long does immunity last 4
- depends on the antigen
- some disease-causing viruses multiply into new forms that our body doesn't recognize, requiring annual vaccinations like the flu-shot
- booster shot- reminds immune system of the antigen
- others last for a lifetime, like chicken pox
91
antibiotics
they;re compounds that cause the death of bacterial cells
92
two most common methods of antibiotics effectiveness
1. destroying the bacterial membrane or cell wall
2. stopping metabolic processes essential for life
93
antibiotic resistance happens when...
bacteria are no longer killed by antibiotics.
- causes: overuse of antibiotics, not taking all your antibiotics
94
HIV/AIDS is transmitted through 3
- intercourse
- transfer of infected blood
- mother to infant
95
HIV/AIDS 4
- can remain latent and inactive for a long time (Months)
- primarily affects monocytes and T lymphocytes
- the consequence is decreased ability for the immune system to fight off subsequent infections
- patients usually die from a secondary infection
96
AIDS (modern plague)
-
