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GCSE CCEA Biology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Communicable disease

A

One that can be passed from one organism to another

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2
Q

Non-communicable disease

A

One that is not passed from one organism to another

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3
Q

Health

A

Being free from communicable and non-communicable disease

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4
Q

What the NHS spends money on

A
  • salary doctors, nurses and other staff
  • upkeep of hospitals
  • drugs and medicines used to treat patients
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5
Q

What causes communicable disease

A

Very small living organisms - microorganisms or microbes

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6
Q

Why is health important

A
  • important to society because :
  • unhealthy people cannot work
  • unhealthy people need care
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7
Q

What does the NHS spend billions of pounds on each year?

A
  • Keeping people healthy as possible
  • treating and looking after the ill
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8
Q

What does the NHS spend money on?

A
  • salaries of doctors, nurses and other staff 👩‍⚕️ 🧑‍⚕️ 🧹
  • upkeep of hospitals 🏥 🧹
  • drugs and medicines used to treat people 💊
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9
Q

Microorganism

A

Very small living organisms

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10
Q

Three main types of microbes which cause infection

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
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11
Q

microorganisms which cause disease

A

Pathogens

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12
Q

Communicable disease

A

One which can be passed from one organism (person) to another

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13
Q

Non-communicable disease

A

One that is not passed from one organism to another

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14
Q

Health

A

Being free from communicable and non-communicable disease

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15
Q

droplet infection

A
  • airborne
  • Spray of moisture and particles spreading through air when sneeze or cough
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16
Q

The skin as a body defence

A

Acts as excellent barrier to micro organisms

17
Q

Mucus membranes as bodily defence

A
  • Openings in body such as nose 👃 and respiratory system 🫁 protected by mucous membranes
  • trap microorganisms and prevent them going any further
  • membranes covered in ciliated epithelium cells
18
Q

Blood clotting as bodily defence

A
  • clot prevents more blood escaping
  • also acts as barrier against infection
19
Q

Purpose of body defences

A
  • try to prevent microorganisms getting into body
20
Q

What happens if microorganisms enter the body?

A

Usually combatted by the blood system

21
Q

Antigen

A

Chemicals on surface of invading microorganisms that the body can recognise as being foreign

22
Q

What do antigens cause the body to do?

A

Cause special white blood cells called lymphocytes to produce antibodies

23
Q

Antibodies

A
  • complementary shape to antigens on microbes
  • join w/ antigens (jigsaw)
  • cause them to clump together
  • once clumped easily engulfed and digested by phagocytes
24
Q

Pathogen

A
  • Bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
25
Q

Phagocyte

A
  • type of white blood cell
  • move around in blood
  • EITHER destroy microorganisms 🦠 trapped by antibodies
  • OR destroy directly without antibody action
26
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A
  • phagocytes surround microorganisms and engulf them
  • eventually enzymes inside phagocyte digest microorganisms and destroy it
27
Q

Primary response

A

Infected individual is ill for a few days before antibody numbers are high enough to provide immunity

28
Q

What is a typical response to being infected by a bacterium or virus?

A

Antigen/ antibody reaction

29
Q

Memory lymphocytes

A
  • made once body is infected w/ disease
  • Produce antibodies if infection by same type of microorganism happens again
  • ⬆️ fast 🏃‍♀️💨 - prevent individual catching same disease again
30
Q

Secondary response

A
  • memory lymphocytes produce antibodies if infection by same type of microorganism happens again
  • ⬆️ fast 🏃‍♀️💨 - prevent individual catching same disease again
  • much higher level of antibodies
31
Q

What occurs during secondary response?

A
  • We are often unaware
  • no symptoms 🚫🤒
  • rapid antibody production
32
Q

Immunity

A
  • Protected against particular infection / disease
  • antibody levels high enough to combat microorganism
33
Q

Two types of immunity

A
  • active
  • passife
34
Q

Active immunity

A
  • slow increase in antibodies (during primary response)
  • antibody levels remain high for a long time due to memory lymphocytes
35
Q

Passive immunity

A
  • RAPID increase in antibodies into the blood
  • antibody levels fall quickly (as no memory lymphocytes present)
36
Q

Sources of passive immunity

A
  • pharm. comps
  • injected into body 💉
  • breast milk 🥛
  • across placenta ➡️ baby 👶
37
Q

Active immunity

A

ACTIVE : body produces antibodies in to response to infection
(Body is ACTIVELY making then)

38
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies injected into body or from mother to baby in placenta/ breast milk
(The person is being “passed” them)

GCSE CCEA Biology (15 decks)

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