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hallmarks of cancer > immunity 2 > Flashcards

immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 subgroups of T cells

A

Helper cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes

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2
Q

what molecules are expressed on the surface of helper cells

A

CD4

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3
Q

what molecules are expressed on the surface of cytotoxic lymphocytes

A

CD8

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4
Q

what are the subsets of CD4 cells

A

helper T cells - TH1, TH2, etc…

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5
Q

what are TH0 cells

A

naive helper T cells

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6
Q

what allows T cell receptors to engage with other proteins

A

transmembrane domains

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7
Q

what is a TCR

A

T cell receptor

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8
Q

in the TCR, what do the alpha and beta chains associate with

A

CD3 molecule complex (has intracellular component called the zeta chain)

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9
Q

what is CD3 made of

A

1xδ chain
1xγ chain
2xε chains

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10
Q

what does that zeta chain allow

A

binding to turn into signalling

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11
Q

what do TCRs recognise

A

processed antigen in the form of peptides presented by MHC molecules on the cell surface

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12
Q

what molecules stabilise the interaction when an antigen is recognised by TCR

A

CD4 or CD8

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13
Q

3 examples of professional antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic, macrophage and B

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14
Q

what do APCs do

A

phagocytose dead and dying cells and pathogens, chop them up in proteolytic compartments and load the peptide fragments onto new MHC molecules

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15
Q

how do T cells engage APCs

A

via their TCR and they scan the surface of the APC for a peptide on MHC that they recognise

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16
Q

what happens if TCR find a peptide on MHC that they recognise

A

the T cell is stimulated to become an activated effector T cell, some of these also become memory cells

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17
Q

2 types of MHC molecules

A

MHCI and MHCII

18
Q

what is MHCI and what does it do

A

major histocompatibility complex I - associates with 9-mer peptides, its present on all cells (except RBC and germ)

19
Q

what is MHCI recognised by

A

CD8 T cells

20
Q

what is MHCII and what does it do

A

major histocompatibility complex II - associates with 9-20mer peptides, it is only present on APCs

21
Q

what is MHCII recognised by

A

CD4 T cells

22
Q

what do CD4 (t helper) cells produce

A

cytokines

23
Q

what influences which antibody isotype is produced

A

the type of cytokine

24
Q

what can cytokines activate

A

granulocytes, macrophages, NK cells

25
Q

what influence do T helper cells have on cytotoxic t cells

A

the cytokines make the cells have better memory and make them better effector cells

26
Q

what cytotoxins do CD8 cells produce (3)

A

perforin, granzyme, Fas

27
Q

what cytokines do CD8 cells produce

A

IFNγ , TNF-β , TNF-α

28
Q

what does granzyme do

A

enters the cell, cleaves a caspase which triggers apoptosis

29
Q

what does FAS ligand engagement do

A

activates a caspase and triggers apoptosis

30
Q

CD8 T cells and tumour cells

A

CD8 T cells produce cytotoxins that kill tumour cells with tumour antigens

31
Q

CD4 cells and tumour cells

A

CD4 is stimulated by APCs or other stresses that happen in tumours

32
Q

what does IFNγ do to tumour cells

A

it causes an up regulation of MHC so it is easier for CD8 cells to recognise and kill them

33
Q

correlation between immune cells and cancer survival

A

there is a direct correlation between number of immune cells you have (CD8 T cells) and how long you will survive

34
Q

what is immunosurveillence

A

the immune system is capable of recognising that changes that occur in cancer cells and eliminates those cells e.g. CD8 cells can recognise cancer antigens and sometimes neo-epitopes

35
Q

what are neo-epitopes

A

new epitopes

36
Q

what is a stress pathway

A

cells which have gone wrong up regulate many mechanisms and the immune system is made aware of this

37
Q

immunoediting - elimination

A

the immune system recognises new tumour cells and eliminates them

38
Q

immunoediting - equilibrium

A

some tumour cells are not recognised and so keep mutating - eventually becoming recognised - therefore an equilibrium stage occurs

39
Q

immunoediting - escape

A

some cells mutate to grow at a faster rate so have reached the escape phase and eventually give rise to end stage tumours

40
Q

3 E’s of immunoediting

A

elimination, equilibrium, escape

hallmarks of cancer (17 decks)

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