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Microbiology and Immunology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What is a microbiome?

A
  • Commensal organisms that cause no harm

- Normal flora

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2
Q

What does dysbiosis/imbalance lead to in microbiome?

A

Inflammation, metabolic disruption (T2D), neurological impacts

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3
Q

What type of immunity is physical, chemical and cellular?

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

What are the reaction time/specificity of innate vs adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: FAST (skin, always there, bounces off), NONSPECIFIC

Adaptive: SLOW (lymphocytes), SPECIFIC

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5
Q

What genes enable adaptive immunity? What type of animals is adaptive found in?

A

Genes: Recombination Activating Gene (RAG)

Found in JAWED vertebrates

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6
Q

What is the response to repeated infection in innate/adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: SAME each time

Adaptive: FASTER each time

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7
Q

What are the 5 components of the innate immunity?

A 
Epithelial cells
Phagocytes
Dendritic
Natural killer cells
Complement
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8
Q

What are the 3 components of adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Antibodies (proteins)

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9
Q

How does the immune system distinguish friend vs foe?

A
  • Doesn’t
  • Self or non-self

RECOGNIZES MOLECULES, not the whole pathogen

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10
Q

In microbial non-self molecules of the innate, what is it produced by and is it essential for survival? What two patterns are associated?

A
  • Produced by MICROBES, not the host (product of their metabolic pathways)
  • Essential for survival
  • PAMPS and DAMPS
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11
Q

What are the 3 receptors that PRR use to recognize PAMP?

A
  • Intracellular dsRNA
  • TLR on macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
  • Secreted by macrophages/epithelial cells
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12
Q

What type is a TLR of a PRR?

A

Type 1 transmembrane on surface

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13
Q

What molecules produce DAMPS?

A

Produced by stressed cells undergoing necrosis

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14
Q

In the innate immune system, how are ‘missing self’ recognized? What are they important in the activation of?

A
  • MHC structures that are expressed only on normal and uninfected cells of host
  • Important for NK cells
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15
Q

What stops the immune system from reacting to self molecules? What is their “ID”?

A

Tolerance suppresses

Host cells have MHC ID

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16
Q

What are considered “humoral” in adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes

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17
Q

What are considered “cell mediated” in adaptive immunity?

A

T lymphocytes

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18
Q

What do cytotoxic (Tc or CTL) do in adaptive immunity? What about T helper cells?

A

Cytotoxic lyse the infected

T helper cells direct the behavior of CTL and B cells

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19
Q

What is Humoral immunity? Can it be transferred?

A

Involving antibodies (Aka gamma globulins), can be passive protective and cross placenta

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20
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Part of humoral immunity, acquired after infection/vaccination

LONG LIVED

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21
Q

What are the mediators that coordinate response from innate/adaptive branches? How do they work?

What is the subset and what does it do?

A

T-B cells known as CYTOKINES
-Soluble, binds to receptors

-Subset-> chemokine w/ chemotactic activity for recruiting to infection

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22
Q

What causes the transition from innate to adaptive? What organ participates in this transition?

A

Chemokine recruitment of antigen-specific lymphocytes

Lymph nodes

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23
Q

What is the pathway for the site of infection?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Endothelium expression adhesion + produce chemokines
  2. Immune cells (IC) are activated, conc. gradient attracts w/ increased affinity of integral)
  3. Margination: IC adhere to ETC by adhesion (interns), BIND TO ICAM
  4. Extravasation: ICAM used for traction -> leukocyte pushes to surrounding tissue
  5. Inflammation
24
Q

What are the adhesion types of cells?

Study These Flashcards
A

Selection, interns, ICAM (intracellular adhesion molecules)

25
How do lymphoid cells response to foreign substances (innate + adaptive)
Innate- phagocytic uses PRR to bind to PAMPS Specific - B and T cells generate BCR + TCR
26
What is clonal selection?
B/T cells react w/ antigen -> proliferation
27
What is memory? What immunity is it found within? What happens after repeated exposure?
-Hallmark of ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (NOT innate) - Primary exposure -> 1st exposure to antigen - Secondary exposure -> same antigen 2nd time STRONGER, BETTER, FASTER
28
What is hypersensitivity?
Overly active immune system -Allergies/asthma
29
What are autoimmune dysfunctions in the immune system?
Misdirected immune response -MS/Crohns
30
What is immunodeficiency? What can it lead to?
Loss of immune function Primary- genetic Secondary- acquired Opportunistic infections (thrush)
31
Why is transplanted tissue rejected?
Not foe, foreign
32
How is cancer involved in immunity?
We WANT target against self-cells, but tolerated instead
33
How is immune defense populated?
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) + Progenitor cells Hemotopoiesis -> HSC differentiate into WBC/RBC in bone marrow -> directed to PROGENITOR-> common myeloid/common lymphoid
34
What are the 4 types of cells from common myeloid progenitors?
- Erythrocytes (RBC) - Megakaryocytes - mono/macrophages - Dendritic cells - Granulocytes
35
What are monocytes/macrophages?
Phagocytic w/ Fc receptors -Produces digestive enzymes + antimicrobial peptides (defense's + cathe) Present antigens to T cells via MHC
36
What are dendritic cells?
Capture microbes to displace to lymphocytes and then present to T cells to stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes *DC most potent
37
What are the two types of dendritic cells and what do they respond to? What are their functions?
Conventional dendritic cells - Majority - Activated by microbes - present to T cells Plasmacytoid dendritic cells - Activated by viral infections - Produce soluble protein (Type 1 Interferons)
38
What are neutrophils?
Granules - Highest % of WBC - Phagocytic + produce digestive enzymes + free radicals
39
What are eosinophils?
Granules Vasodilation, basophil degrandulation -Produce cytokines ANTIVIRAL + PARASITES
40
What are basophils/mast cells?
``` gRanules FC receptors HISTAMINE - vasodilation Heparin - increase BF Leukotrienes - regulate inflammation PRODUCE CYTOKINES ALLERGIES ```
41
What are B lymphocytes?
Express BCR for antigens, present for SECONDARY response Produce antibodies Humoral immunity + memory
42
What are T lymphocytes?
Cell mediated immunity Cytotoxic T lymphocytes T helper cells (regulate immune response) (Th1,Th2, Th17, TFH) T regulatory cells (Treg)
43
What are NK T cells?
Heterogeneous T cells that share properties w/ T cells and NK cells -NK surface molecules Binds foreign + self lipids + glyoclipids *Produce large quantities of cytokines and activate NK cells
44
What are NK cells?
- No antigen-specific receptors - Fc receptor for IgG - Bring NK into contact w/ target cells - Absence of MHC 1, inhibition turned off, activation staying on - Release granules to kill infected cells - Called ADCC (antibody-dependent cell) Normal cells expressing MHC are not killed by NK
45
What are primary lymphoid organs? Secondary?
Primary- where immune cells develop Secondary- where Immune response initiated
46
Where are primary lymphoid organs?
Begins yolk sac, populate bone marrow post natal
47
Where are secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph, spleen, MALT | Where lymphocytes encounter antigen - > clonal expansion -> differentiate
48
Where do B lymphocytes develop?
In contact w/ stroma bone marrow
49
Where do T lymphocytes develop?
In contact w/ stroll of thymus Initial BM -> migrate to thymus
50
What microenvironment are are B/T cells found within the lymph node?
B-> cortex T-> paracortex
51
Where are macrophages + dendritic cells found in lymph nodes?
Innermost lymph node medulla
52
How do antigens and naive lymphocytes enter lymph node?
Antigens-> afferent vessel Naive lymphocytes -> high endothelial venule
53
Where do B cells undergo clonal expansion in lymph node?
Geminal centeres
54
What happens within germinal centers?
Differentiation into effector cells in 2nd lymphoid organs - B cell development - B + T lymphocytes will develop into long-lived memory cells
55
What is the spleen?
The first line of defense against blood borne pathogens RBC compartmentalized by red pulp WBC segregated in white pulp Specialized macrophages + B cells in marginal zone border called white pulp
56
What is Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue?
Defense at mucus and epi layers Follicles + lymphoid for gut (GALT)

Microbiology and Immunology (3 decks)

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