Immunity and Defense

Question 1

Discharge destructive enzymes to parasites

Answer 1

Eosinophils

Question 2

‘big eaters’ some are able to migrate and others are fixed (spleen)

Answer 2

Macrophages

Question 3

This immune system has slower response

Answer 3

Adaptive Immune System

Question 4

____________ are proteins produced by virus- infected cells which induce nearby cells to produce substances that will inhibit viral spread and replication. White blood cells produce a different type which activates the macrophages.

Answer 4

Interferons

Question 5

All animals have this immune system

Answer 5

Innate Immune System

Question 6

Stimulates the adaptive immunity, found in tissues in contact with the environment.

Answer 6

Dendritic Cells

Question 7

Types of Phagocytic Cells

Answer 7

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells
Eosinophils
Dendritic Cells

Question 8

For a pathogen, the internal environment of an organism is a nearly ideal habitat. The animal body offers a ready source of nutrients, a protected setting, and a means of transport to new environments. Fortunately, adaptations have arisen over the course of evolution that protect animals against many pathogens.

Answer 8

Defense and Immunity

Question 9

Promotes blood flow which results to redness and increase in skin temperature.

Answer 9

Cytokines

Question 10

____________ free flowing proteins in the blood plasma which is activated by the surface of microbes. Activation results to complement cascade which eventually results to lysis (bursting) of invading cells.

Answer 10

Complementary system

Question 11

Barrier Defenses in Innate Immunity of vertebrates

Answer 11

Skin
Mucous Membranes (Mucus; traps pathogens and other foreign bodies)
Secretion (Saliva, Tears, Mucus)

Question 12

Two steps of Immune System

Answer 12

Immune Recognition
Immune Response

Question 13

Only vertebrates have this immune system

Answer 13

Adaptive Immune System

Question 14

The pain and swelling that alerts you to damage of your skin which is resulted by signaling molecules being released.

Answer 14

Inflammatory response

Question 15

Two Types of Immune System

Answer 15

Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System

Question 16

Dilates blood vessels to become more permeable, which results to localized swelling. Released by mast cells.

Answer 16

Histamine

Question 17

Detect and kill virus-infected and cancerous cells

Answer 17

Natural Killer Cells

Question 18

Fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue.

Answer 18

Pus

Question 19

Found in blood and attracted by signals of infected tissues to locate pathogens

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Question 20

This immune system has rapid response

Answer 20

Innate Immune System

Question 21

In this immune system, recognition of traits is shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors

Answer 21

Innate Immune System

Question 22

Two Peptides and Proteins unique to mammals

Answer 22

Interferons
Complement system

Question 23

In this immune system, recognition of traits is specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors.

Answer 23

Adaptive Immune System

Question 24

The adaptive response relies on __________ and __________, which are types of white blood cells called ____________.

Answer 24

T cells, B cells, lymphocytes

Question 25

developed in the Bone marrow, secretes antibodies/immunoglobulin.

Answer 25

B cells

Question 26

developed in the Thymus

Answer 26

T cells

Question 27

True of False Both B cells and T cells have Immunological memory.

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

used for recognition in adaptive immunity. Binds to one part of one molecule of a particular pathogen.

Answer 28

Antigen Receptor

Question 29

B cells, once activated, produces (through clonal selection):

Answer 29

Plasma Cells Memory Cells

Question 30

a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs.

Answer 30

Lymphatic System

Question 31

helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream.

Answer 31

Lymphatic System

Question 32

Lymphatic system also helps defend the body against infection by supplying disease-fighting cells called _____________

Answer 32

lymphocytes

Question 33

Plants respond to infection using a _______________________.

Answer 33

two-branched innate immune system.

Question 34

The ___________ recognizes and responds to molecules common to many ____________, including non-pathogens.

Answer 34

first branch, classes of microbes

Question 35

The ________________ responds to __________________, either directly or through their effects on host targets. (Damage Control)

Answer 35

second branch, pathogen virulence factors

Question 36

Types of Plants Defensive Mechanisms

Answer 36

Thorn Prickle Spine Trichome Idioblast Mutualism Crypsis Chemical Signaling

Question 37

are basically pointy branches or stems.

Answer 37

Thorns

Question 38

Their defensive function is somewhat self-evident: they’re stabby.

Answer 38

Thorns

Question 39

True or False Roses have thorns

Answer 39

FALSE (They actually have prickles instead of thorns)

Question 40

are actually pointed protuberances from a plant’s epidermis.

Answer 40

Prickles

Question 41

While they shield the plants that bear them from some depredations, certain species of planthopper, small enough to squeeze between them and slurp up sap, actually mimic their spiky appearance to avoid predators.

Answer 41

Prickles

Question 42

Many plants have _____________, but they are perhaps most memorably marshalled by the _______, who sport them in abundance

Answer 42

spines, cacti

Question 43

not only defend the juicy stems of cacti against ravenous succulent-eaters, but also shade them from the relentless desert sun.

Answer 43

Spines

Question 44

Nettles and other plants grow a bristling fur of these pointed structures to shield themselves from browsing.

Answer 44

Trichome

Question 45

Some plants—like the ____________—have associated glands that inject poison into the trichome-inflicted wounds.

Answer 45

nettle

Question 46

TRUE or FALSE Some tropical nettles can cause permanent nerve damage…or death.

Answer 46

TRUE

Question 47

TRUE or FALSE All plants bear their defenses on the surface

Answer 47

FALSE (Not all plants bear their defenses on the surface)

Question 48

If thorns, spines, prickles, and trichomes are the spear brigade, ___________ are the landmines.

Answer 48

idioblasts

Question 49

Specialized cells that contain a variety of defensive compounds, from razor-sharp crystals to pain-inducing chemicals, ________________ detonate when the first line of defense has been breached.

Answer 49

idioblasts

Question 50

Some plants have opted to hire mercenaries.

Answer 50

Mutualism

Question 51

The ants savagely defend their “giving trees” against all comers, be they animal, vegetable, or fungus.

Answer 51

Mutualism

Question 52

The 'camouflage' mechanism of plants

Answer 52

Crypsis

Question 53

happens when a plant resembles its background or an inanimate object to dissociate themselves as food for their predators

Answer 53

Crypsis

Question 54

Plants that are attacked by browsers or insect pests or subjected to stressful conditions such as drought or microbial infection may warn other plants of the impending crises by releasing __________________________, which precipitate physiological reactions in nearby plants.

Answer 54

Chemical Signaling, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Question 55

They may increase concentrations of toxic compounds to ward off the enemy, or they may release compounds of their own that attract the enemy’s predators.

Answer 55

Chemical Signaling

Question 56

ome recent experiments have shown that plants also communicate through chemicals released by their _______ and even via _______________________________.

Answer 56

roots, networks of fungal symbionts.