Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Question 1

After the stimuli was processed by the brain in
the sensory pathway, The brain will release a
response in a form of _____ ______ which will
go to the _____ ______ that will instruct a
______ ________ a directed movement.

Answer 1

motor output, muscle neurons, muscle fiber

Question 2

the product of filament movement powered by chemical energy; muscle extension occurs only passively.

Answer 2

Muscle contraction

Question 3

Muscle cell contraction relies on the interaction between protein structures called _________________________.

Answer 3

thin and thick filaments

Question 4

The major component of thin filaments is the _________________.

Answer 4

globular protein actin

Question 5

In thin filaments, ___________________ called microfilaments function in cell motility.

Answer 5

actin structures

Question 6

Muscle Contraction- A contracting muscle __________, but the filaments that bring about contraction _______________________.

Answer 6

shortens, stay the same length

Question 7

To explain this apparent paradox, we’ll focus first on a single ___________. The filaments slide past each other, much like the segments of a ___________________.

Answer 7

sarcomere, telescoping support pole

Question 8

According to the well-accepted __________________
model, the thin and thick filaments ratchet past each other, powered by myosin molecules.

Answer 8

sliding-filament

Question 9

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on
myoglobin-OXIDATIVE FIBERS)

Answer 9

-Red Meat
-More Myoglobin

Question 10

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on
myoglobin-GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS)

Answer 10

-White Meat
-Less Myoglobin

Question 11

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on
speed of contraction) - FAST TWITCH FIBERS

Answer 11

◦enable brief, rapid, powerful contractions.
◦Could be oxidative or glycolytic
◦Type II Muscles

Question 12

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on
speed of contraction)- SLOW TWITCH FIBERS

Answer 12

◦2-3x slower than fast twitch
◦Only oxidative
◦Type I Muscles

Question 13

Types of Skeletal System

Answer 13

Hydrostatic Skeletons
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons

Question 14

he growth and development of plants in response to light. It allows plants to optimize their use of light and space.

Answer 14

Photomorphogenesis

Question 15

is used to describe a sensory cell or organ, as well as the subcellular structure that detects stimuli.

Answer 15

Sensory Receptors

Question 16

Sensory Pathways

Answer 16

• Sensory Reception and Transduction
• Transmission
• Perception
• Amplification and Adaptation

Question 17

the ability to use light to track time. Plants can tell the time of day and time of year by sensing and using various wavelengths of sunlight.

Answer 17

Photoperiodism

Question 18

A sensory pathway begins with ___________, the detection of a stimulus by sensory cells.

Answer 18

Sensory Receptions

Question 19

a directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even
away from, light.

Answer 19

Phototropism

Question 20

made up of chromophore, light-absorbing pigment, and different photoreceptors, which mediates plant’s reaction to light.

Answer 20

Chromoprotein

Question 21

Phytochromes have two photo-interconvertible forms:

Answer 21

Pr and Pfr

Question 22

Some sensory cells are themselves ______________, whereas others are ______________ that regulate neurons.

Answer 22

Specialized neurons, Nonneuronal cells

Question 23

The conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

Answer 23

sensory transduction

Question 24

the change in membrane potential itself

Answer 24

Receptor Potential

Question 25

are graded potentials; their magnitude varies with the strength of the stimulus.

Answer 25

Receptor Potential

Question 26

Sensory information travels through the nervous system as _________, or ____________.

Question 26

transducing the energy in a ______ into a _______________ initiates action potentials that are transmitted to the ________.

Answer 26

Stimulus, Receptor potential, Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 27

When action potentials reach the brain via ____________ , circuits of neurons process this input, generating the _________ of the stimuli.

Answer 27

Sensory Neurons, Perceptions

Question 28

are colors, smells, sounds, and tastes

Answer 28

Perceptions

Question 29

are constructions formed in the brain and do not exist outside it.

Answer 29

Perceptions

Question 30

The transduction of stimuli by sensory receptors is subject to two types of modification

Answer 30

amplification and adaptation.

Question 31

refers to the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction.

Answer 31

Amplification

Question 32

Without ______________ , you would be constantly aware of feeling every beat of your heart and every bit of clothing on your body.

Answer 32

Sensory Adaptation

Question 33

Types of Receptors

Answer 33

- Mechanoreceptors - Chemoreceptors - Electromagnetic Receptors - Thermoreceptors - Pain Receptors

Question 34

sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.

Answer 34

Mechanoreceptors

Question 35

sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.

Answer 35

Mechanoreceptors

Question 36

the active form

Answer 36

Pfr

Question 37

the inactive form

Answer 37

phytochrome (Pr)

Question 38

The biologically inactive form of phytochrome (Pr) is converted to the biologically active form Pfr under ________________________________.

Answer 38

illumination with red light

Question 39

________________ and __________ convert the molecule back to the inactive form.

Answer 39

Far-red light, darkness

Question 40

those that transmit information about total solute concentration

Answer 40

general receptors

Question 41

The phytochrome system acts as a _______________________. It monitors the ______, ______, ________, and __________________.

Answer 41

biological light switch- level, intensity, duration, and color of environmental light.

Question 42

phytochrome system is responsible for _______________________ and _______________ of plants.

Answer 42

Photomorphogenesis, Photoperiodism

Question 43

those that respond to individual kinds of molecules.

Answer 43

specific receptors

Question 44

include both general receptors and specific receptors

Answer 44

Chemoreceptors

Question 45

__________________ in the mammalian brain, for example, detect changes in the total solute concentration of the blood and stimulate thirst when osmolarity increases.

Answer 45

Osmoreceptors

Question 46

the directional bending of a plant toward or away from a light source—is a response to blue wavelengths of light.

Answer 46

Phototropism

Question 47

glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and amino acids.

Answer 47

receptors for specific molecules

Question 48

_____________ phototropism is growth towards a light source, while ___________ phototropism (also called ______________) is growth away from light.

Answer 48

Positive, negative (skototropism)

Question 49

are protein-based receptors responsible for mediating the phototropic response.

Answer 49

Phototropins

Question 50

In phototropins, the _________________ is a covalently-bound molecule of flavin; hence, phototropins belong to a class of proteins called flavoproteins.

Answer 50

chromophore

Question 51

Two of the most sensitive and specific chemoreceptors known are found in ____________

Answer 51

the antennae of the male silkworm moth

Question 52

another class of blue-light absorbing photoreceptors that also contain a flavin-based chromophore.

Answer 52

Cryptochromes

Question 53

____________ set the plant’s circadian rhythm, using blue light cues. There is some evidence that _______________ work together with phototropins to mediate the phototropic response.

Answer 53

cryptochromes, cryptochromes

Question 54

Blue Light Responses

Answer 54

-Phototropism -Phototropins -Cryptochromes

Question 55

ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward sunlight.

Answer 55

Gravitropism

Question 56

Growth of the shoot apical tip upward is called _______________________,

Answer 56

negative gravitropism

Question 57

whereas growth of the roots downward is called __________________.

Answer 57

positive gravitropism.

Question 58

are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity.

Answer 58

Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths)

Question 59

are found in shoots and in specialized cells of the root cap.

Answer 59

Amyloplasts

Question 60

_________________ a group of unrelated chemical substances that affect _____________________.

Answer 60

Plant hormones, plant morphogenesis

Question 61

Five major plant hormones

Answer 61

◦ Auxins; responsible for apical dominance, root growth, directional growth toward light, and many other growth responses. ◦ Cytokinins; stimulate cell division and counter apical dominance in shoots. ◦ Gibberellins; inhibit dormancy of seeds and promote stem growth. ◦ Ethylene; speeds up fruit ripening and dropping of leaves, and ◦ abscisic acid; induces dormancy in seeds and buds, and protects plants from excessive water loss by promoting stomatal closure. ◦ In addition, other nutrients and environmental conditions can be characterized as growth factors.

Question 62

responsible for apical dominance, root growth, directional growth toward light, and many other growth responses.

Answer 62

Auxins

Question 63

stimulate cell division and counter apical dominance in shoots.

Answer 63

Cytokinins

Question 64

For pheromones and other molecules detected by ___________, the stimulus molecule binds to the _____________ on the membrane of the ____________ and initiates changes in ion permeability.

Answer 64

Chemoreceptors, Specific receptors, sensory cells

Question 64

detect forms of electromagnetic energy, such as light, electricity, and magnetism.

Answer 64

Electromagnetic Receptors

Question 65

inhibit dormancy of seeds and promote stem growth.

Answer 65

Gibberellins

Question 66

speeds up fruit ripening and dropping of leaves

Answer 66

Ethylene

Question 67

induces dormancy in seeds and buds, and protects plants from excessive water loss by promoting stomatal closure.

Answer 67

abscisic acid

Question 68

Thermoreceptors

Answer 68

detect heat and cold.

Question 69

Jalapeno and cayenne peppers that we describe as “hot” contain a substance called a ______________.

Answer 69

capsaicin

Question 70

Applying _________to a sensory neuron causes an influx of calcium ions.

Answer 70

Capsaicin

Question 71

The receptor opens a___________ in response not only to capsaicin, but also to high temperatures (42°C or higher).

Answer 71

Calcium channel

Question 72

spicy foods taste “hot” because they__________________ as hot soup and coffee.

Answer 72

activate the same receptors

Question 73

By triggering defensive reactions, such as withdrawal from danger, the_____________ serves an important function.

Answer 73

Perception of pain

Question 74

To detect stimuli that reflect such noxious (harmful) conditions, animals rely on ________(from the Latin nocere, to hurt), also called _________.

Answer 74

nociceptors, pain receptors

Question 75

damaged tissues produce ____________, which act as local regulators of inflammation.

Answer 75

prostaglandins

Question 76

worsen pain by increasing nociceptor sensitivity to noxious stimuli.

Answer 76

prostaglandins

Question 77

reduce pain by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.

Answer 77

Aspirin and ibuprofen

Question 78

Types of Sensory Processes in Humans

Answer 78

- Visual - Auditory - Olfactory - Gustatory - Tactile - Proprioceptive - Vestibular - Interoceptive