IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZING AGENTS Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Body’s ability to prevent the invasion of pathogens or resist harmful microorganisms.
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IMMUNITY
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Q
2 TYPES OF IMMUNITY
A
1) INNATE IMMUNITY
2) ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
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Q
*General barriers
*Physical Barrier- skin, stomach acid, macrophage, neutrophil
*Biological barrier
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INNATE IMMUNITY
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Presence: Already present in the body
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INNATE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Specificity: Non-Specific
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INNATE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Specific: Rapid
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INNATE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Potency: Limited and lower potency
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INNATE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) No memory
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INNATE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Allergic Reaction
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INNATE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Presence: Created in response to exposure to a foreign substance.
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ADAPTIVE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Specificity: Specific
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ADAPTIVE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Slow (1-2 weeks)
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ADAPTIVE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Potency: High potency
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ADAPTIVE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Long term memory
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ADAPTIVE
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Q
(INNATE OR ADAPTIVE) Immediate and delay hypersensitivity
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ADAPTIVE
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Q
(NATURAL/INNATE OR ADAPTIVE/AQUIRED) Non Specific , No Memory
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NATURAL/INNATE
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Q
Examples of NATURAL/INNATE (4)
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Examples:
* Exogenous (Skin)
* Endogenous (Stomach Acid)
* Phagocytosis (PMNS)
* Natural Killer Cells (NK)
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Q
(NATURAL/INNATE OR ADAPTIVE/AQUIRED) Specific, Has Memory
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ADAPTIVE/AQUIRED
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Q
Examples of ADAPTIVE/AQUIRED (2)
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Examples:
*T Cells (cytokines)
*B Cells (antibodies
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Q
INNATE (PHYSICAL) (5)
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- Skin
*Cough Reflex
*Tears
*Mucosal Layer
*Stomach Acid
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Q
INNATE (PHAGOCYTES) (5)
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*Monocytes
*Macrophage
*Neutrophil
*NK Cells
*Dendritic Cells
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Q
ADAPTIVE (T-LYMPHOCYTES) (3)
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- Helper T Cells
*Suppressor T Cell
*Cytotoxic T Cell
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ADAPTIVE (B- LYMPHOCYTES) (2)
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*Clonal B Cells
*Memory B Cells
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Q
(ACTIVE OR PASSIVE)
Individual Produces Antibody
Follows Immunization or Infection
Memory (lasting)
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ACTIVE
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(ACTIVE OR PASSIVE)
Antibody Transferred to Individual
Example: Gamma Globulin Injections, placental transfer
No Memory (temporary)
PASSIVE
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(ACTIVE OR PASSIVE )
Stimulate the body's immune system.
Antibodies or cell mediated immunity, or both, which protects against infectious agent
ACTIVE
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Vaccines or Toxoids
ACTIVE
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(ACTIVE OR PASSIVE )
Consists of providing temporary protection through the administration of exogenously produced antibody
PASSIVE
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Transplacental: protective for first 3-6 months of life
PASSIVE
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Immunoglobulin injection
PASSIVE
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(ACTIVE NATURAL OR ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL ) Mode of Acquisition: Infection
ACTIVE NATURAL
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(ACTIVE NATURAL OR ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL) Mode of Acquisition: Vaccination
ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL
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(ACTIVE OR PASSIVE)
Antibody Produced by Host: YES
Duration of Immune Response: LONG
ACTIVE (BOTH NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL)
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(ACTIVE OR PASSIVE)
Antibody Produced by Host: NO
Duration of Immune Response: SHORT
PASSIVE (BOTH NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL)
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Immunocompetent host:
Increase IGg Immune Antibody half life is ________
23 Days
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Immunocompetent host:
Memory cells (memory lymphocytes) lifespan
YEARS
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Transplacental Transfer Of IGg
NATURAL PASSIVE
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Immunity After Infection
NATURAL ACTIVE
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Breastfeeding ( Immunoglobulins in MILK)
NATURAL PASSIVE
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Vaccination
ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE
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Immunoglobulins and Antisera (antitoxins)
ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE
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Type of natural immunity in the form of Antibodies from a mother to her fetus across the placenta or through her milk
NATURAL PASSIVE
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Person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response
NATURAL ACTIVE
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Bacteria, virus, toxins
B-cells and T-cells will attack the Antigen
NATURAL ACTIVE
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Immune response that develops Antibody from exposure to a specific antigen.
ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
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Immunity comes from injected antibodies created within a different person or an animal.
ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE
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These antibody-containing preparations are termed antiserum.
ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE
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Immunoglobulins/ Antisera and Anti-toxins
ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE
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Antigen is presented and Antibodies will fight and remain alert for future infection
ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE
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VACCINE
ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE
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Are biological preparations that stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against diseases.
IMMUZING AGENTS
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Substances or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body.
IMMUZING AGENTS
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Purpose:
Prevent infectious diseases, reduce morbidity and mortality, and contribute to herd immunity
IMMUZING AGENTS
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(ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OR PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION) : The body produces its own immune response.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
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(ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OR PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION): Preformed antibodies are transferred to the individual.
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
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(ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OR PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION): Long-term immunity.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
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(ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OR PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION): Short-term protection.
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
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EXAMPLES OF ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION (4)
*Live attenuated
*inactivated Subunit
*toxoid
*mRNA
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EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (2)
*Maternal antibodies
*Immunoglobulin therapy
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(3) DIFFERENT KINDS OF IMMUNIZING AGENTS:
1. Vaccine
2. Immunoglobulins
3. Antisera
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Suspension of attenuated live or killed microorganisms administered to induce immunity and thereby prevent infectious disease.
VACCINES
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Contains 15% to 18% protein obtained by cold ethanol fractionation of large pools of blood plasma
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
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Immunoglobulins contains ____% of protein obtained by cold ethanol fractionation
15-18%
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Primarily indicated for certain immunodeficient persons, passive immunization against measles and Hep A, and special IV preparations for immunoglobulin deficient patients.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
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Blood serum containing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that is used to spread passive immunity to many diseases.
ANTISERA
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Antigen administration to stimulate production of specific antibodies to protect individual against particular disease
VACCINES
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Number of doses: Multiple
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Number of doses: Single
LIVE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Need for adjuvant: YES
KILLED
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Need for adjuvant: NO
LIVE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Duration of immunity: SHORTER
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Duration of immunity: LONGER
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Effectiveness of protection (more closely mimics natural infection) : LOWER
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Effectiveness of protection (more closely mimics natural infection): GREATER
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Immunoglobulins produced: IgG
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Immunoglobulins produced: IgA and IgG
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Mucosal immunity produced: POOR
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Mucosal immunity produced: YES
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Cell-mediated immunity produced : POOR
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Cell-mediated immunity produced: YES
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Residual virulent virus in vaccine: POSSIBLE
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Residual virulent virus in vaccine: NO
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Reversion to virulence: NO
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE)Reversion to virulence: POSSIBLE
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Excretion of vaccine virus and transmission to non-immune contacts: NO
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Excretion of vaccine virus and transmission to non-immune contacts: POSSIBLE
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Interference by other viruses in host : NO
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Interference by other viruses in host: POSSIBLE
LIVE VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Stability at room temperature: HIGH
KILLED VACCINE
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(KILLED OR LIVE) Stability at room temperature: LOW
LIVE VACCINE
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(5) TYPES OF VACCINES:
1. Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs)
2. Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
3. Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines
4. Toxoid Vaccines
5. mRNA & Viral Vector-Based Vaccines
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Contains weakened pathogens that mimic natural infection
Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs)
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EXAMPLES OF (6) Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs)
1)Measles
2)Mumps
3)Rubella (MMR)
4)BCG
5)Oral Polio (OPV)
6)Varicella
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Advantages: Strong, long-lasting immunity
Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs)
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Disadvantages: Not suitable for immunocompromised individuals
Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs)
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Contain killed pathogens
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
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EXAMPLES OF (2) Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
1) Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) 2)Hepatitis A.
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Advantages: Safer, no risk of reversion
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
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Disadvantages: Requires booster doses.
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
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Use antigenic parts of the pathogen
Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines
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Advantages: Fewer side effects
Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines
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Disadvantages: May require boosters
Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines
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EXAMPLES OF (2) Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines
1)Hepatitis B
2) HPV
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Contain inactivated bacterial toxins
Toxoid Vaccines
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EXAMPLES OF (2) TOXOID VACCINES
1)Tetanus
2)Diphtheria.
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Advantages: Strong immune response.
Toxoid Vaccines
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Disadvantages: Requires multiple doses.
Toxoid Vaccines
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Use genetic material to instruct cells to produce antigens
mRNA & Viral Vector-Based Vaccines
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Advantages: Fast development, high efficacy
mRNA & Viral Vector-Based Vaccines
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Disadvantages: Cold storage requirements, new technology.
mRNA & Viral Vector-Based Vaccines
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EXAMPLES OF (4)mRNA & Viral Vector-Based Vaccines
1-2) Pfizer & Moderna (mRNA)
3-4) AstraZeneca & J&J (Viral Vector).
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MECHANISM OF ACTION
Step 1: Vaccine introduces antigen to the body.
Step 2: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process and present antigens to T-helper cells.
Step 3: T-helper cells activate B cells.
Step 4: B cells differentiate into plasma cells, producing antibodies. Step 5: Memory B and T cells are formed for long-term immunity.
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When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated, it provides indirect protection to unvaccinated individuals
“HERD IMMUNITY”
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Herd Immunity Thresholds: MEASLES
95%
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Initial doses to build immunity.
Primary Series
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COVID-19
60-70%
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Reinforce immunity over time.
Booster Doses:
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Every 10 years.
Tetanus booster
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Additional dose recommended for international travelers or during outbreaks
MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
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Booster dose recommended for healthcare workers and high-risk adults.
Varicella (Chickenpox)
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Booster doses, recommended depending on age of initial vaccination.
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
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Booster doses recommended periodically based on emerging variants and immunity duration.
COVID-19
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Booster doses for elderly and immunocompromised individuals.
Pneumococcal (PCV13 & PPSV23)
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Annual booster due to virus mutation.
Influenza
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(5) FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DIFFERENT RESPONSES OF PEOPLE TO VACCINES
1. Immune System Differences
2. Pre-existing Immunity
3. Vaccine Type and Effectiveness
4.Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
5. Individual Variation in Antibody Production
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PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION & IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY
SOURCES:
1. Maternal antibodies (placenta, breast milk).
2. Monoclonal & polyclonal antibody treatments.
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Uses:
Emergency protection, immunodeficient patients
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION & IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY
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PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION & IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY
EXAMPLES:
1. Rabies immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis).
2. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG
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Common mild reactions of Vaccines:
1)Fever
2)Swelling
3)Redness
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Severe reactions (rare):
1. Anaphylaxis
2. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
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Rare condition where the immune system attacks the nerves, causing weakness or paralysis, but most people recover
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) -
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Contraindications:
1. Severe allergic reactions to vaccine components.
2. Pregnancy (for live vaccines)
3. Immunocompromised conditions
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Severe allergic reaction that happens quickly and needs immediate medical treatment.
Anaphylaxis
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CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE VACCINE (5)
1. Safety
2. Protection
3. Long lasting Effects
4. Cost
5. Administration
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Cheap but less effective. Lasts only for a short period of time
ANTISERA AND ANTITOXINS
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Specific immunoglobulins prepared from the plasma of immunized animals or humans.
ANTISERA AND ANTITOXINS
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Source of Serum: Immune human
Indication: Post-exposure in immunodeficiency
Varicella-Zoster
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ANTISERA AND ANTITOXINS EXAMPLES :
1. Snake venom
2. Anti-tetanus
3. Rabies vaccine
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Source of Serum: Immune human Horse
Indication: Post exposure (plus vaccine)
Tetanus
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Source of Serum: Horse
Indication: Post exposure
Diptheria, Gas Gangrene, Botulism
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Source of Serum: Immune human
Indication: Post exposure (plus vaccine
Rabies
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Source of Serum: Immune human
Indication: Post-exposure prophylaxis
Hepatitis B
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Source of Serum: Pooled human Ig
Indication: Prophylaxis
Hepatitis A
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Source of Serum: Immune human
Indication: Prophylaxis
Measles
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Source of Serum: Horse
Indication: Post-bite
Snake Bite
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Source of Serum: Pooled human Ig
Indication: Acute thrombocytopenia and neutropenia
Some autoimmune disease
