Immunity and Vaccines

Question 1

what is the first line of innate immunity?

Answer 1

external physical barriers

Question 2

what is the second line of innate immunity?

Answer 2

internal and protective cells and chemicals

Question 3

what can innate immunity be characterized as?

Answer 3

immediate and non-specific against a variety of pathogens

Question 4

when does innate immunity occur?

Answer 4

from incubation period until infection ends

Question 5

what are the nine stages of phagocytosis?

Answer 5

Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Formation of a Phagosome
Fusion with Lysosome
Formation of Phagolysosome
Killing in Phagolysosome
Egestion of debris
Display of antigens on surface for Adaptive Immune Response

Question 6

what is inflammation?

Answer 6

Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes

Question 7

what is inflammation characterized by?

Answer 7

heat, edema, redness, pain, alteration (HERPA ig)

Question 8

what are the two types of inflammation?

Answer 8

acute and chronic

Question 9

what can form due to chronic inflammation?

Answer 9

granuloma formed to wall off inflammation

Question 10

what is an antigen?

Answer 10

Any chemical, compound or structure foreign to the body that elicits an adaptive immune response

Question 11

what are antibodies?

Answer 11

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) are glycoproteins made in response to an antigen

Question 12

what is the IgG antibody?

Answer 12

IgG – most common and longest-lasting antibody

Question 13

what is the IgA antibody?

Answer 13

IgA – associated with body secretions

Question 14

what is the IgM antibody?

Answer 14

IgM – first antibody produced

Question 15

what is the IgE antibody?

Answer 15

IgE – involved in response to allergies and parasitic infections

Question 16

what is the IgD antibody?

Answer 16

IgD – receptors on B cells

Question 17

what is the first step of antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 17

dendritic cell engulfs a microbe and places antigen on its MHC II complex

Question 18

what is the second step of antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 18

APC travels to a nearby lymph node and presents the antigen to a specific T cell

Question 19

what is the third step of antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 19

activated T cell links to B cell that has bound to the same antigen

Question 20

what is the fourth step of antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 20

clonal expansion –> differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells

Question 21

what do plasma cells do?

Answer 21

they produce antibodies

Question 22

what is the first step of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 22

In the lymph node a T cell is activated and differentiated into Th1

Question 23

what is the second step of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 23

once Th1 cells are produces, they secrete IL2 which activates cytotoxic t cells

Question 24

what is the third step of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 24

activated Tc (cytotoxic) cells migrate from the lymph node to areas with infected cells

Question 25

what is the fourth step of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 25

Tc find infected cells presenting the right antigens and secrete performs and granzymes

Question 26

what are attenuated vaccines made from?

Answer 26

Made from living pathogens with reduced virulence

Question 27

how do attenuated vaccines work?

Answer 27

Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response more similar to natural pathogen

Question 28

what can attenuated vaccines provide?

Answer 28

contact immunity

Question 29

what are examples of attenuated vaccines?

Answer 29

Ex. Influenza (nasal) vaccine, tuberculosis (BCG), chicken pox/shingles

Question 30

what are toxoid vaccines?

Answer 30

Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate immunity

Question 31

how do toxoid vaccines work?

Answer 31

they don't eliminate the pathogen but they eliminated the toxin produced by the pathogen

Question 32

why do toxoid vaccine require boosters?

Answer 32

Require multiple doses (boosters) because they possess few antigenic determinants

Question 33

what are examples of toxoid vaccines?

Answer 33

Ex. Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Botulism

Question 34

what are inactivated vaccines made from?

Answer 34

Made from microbes inactivated by formalin or phenol.

Question 35

what do inactivated virus vaccines usually contain?

Answer 35

Often contain adjuvants

Question 36

what are examples of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 36

Ex. Influenza intramuscular vaccine, cholera, rabies

Question 37

how do mRNA vaccines work?

Answer 37

mRNA vaccines work by providing the genetic code for our cells to produce microbial proteins.

Question 38

what are examples of mRNA vaccines?

Answer 38

Ex. Viral mRNA encoding the spike proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus