Immunity & Infection Flashcards
(52 cards)
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
To prevent infection of the injured tissue
What causes heat/redness during the inflammatory response?
Vasodilation of blood vessels
What causes edema during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
Vasodilation
In the coagulation cascade, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge at what factor?
Factor x
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
Metaplasia
What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?
Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene?
Liquefactive necrosis
Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms?
Bacteria
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.
Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?
Prostaglandin
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
- mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis
What is a role of a natural killer (NK) cells?
Elimination of malignant cells and viruses
Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response
IgM
Which cell has the ability to recognize antigens presented by the MHC class I molecules?
T cytotoxic/CD 8
Cytokines are vital to a cell’s ability to do which function?
Communicate
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
A type IV hypersensitivity reaction causes which result?
Lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targets. The only hypersensitivity reaction that does not use antibodies
What happens in acute organ rejection?
Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
I
What is the reticuloendothelial system?
Monocytes and macrophages imbedded in tissue to perform immune functions. (ex. lymph nodes)
What are the goals of inflammation?
- Limit inflammatory process
- Limit infection
- Interact with adaptive immune system
- Prepare for healing
How can the complement system by activated?
Antigen-Antibody complexes or microbial antigens
Steps of the complement pathway
Opsonization, cell lysis, agglutination, neutralize virus, chemotaxis, activate mast & basophils, inflammatory effects
