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Foundations of Health and Well Being > Immunity & the Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Immunity & the Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

True cells (contain a nucleus and multiply) that act as defense against injury and infection.

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2
Q

Explain the difference between primary and secondary defenses.

A

Primary defenses = initial barriers which protect us from pathogenic organisms entering and harming our body. e.g Skin, Mucus membranes

Secondary defenses = reaction of the immune system from a pathogenic organism entering the body. e.g phagocytes

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3
Q

Identify the 2 categories of WBC.

A

Granulocyte

Agranulocyte

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4
Q

Describe Granulocytes (aka. leukocytes)

A

Contain cytoplasmic granules
Can retain certain stains
3 sub-types - neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
‘non-specific’ defenses
Few days life span
Produce from stem cells found in bone marrow

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5
Q

Describe Agranulocytes

A

Clear cytoplasm

2 main sub-types - lymphocytes and monocytes

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6
Q

Describe monocytes

A 
Phagocytotic cells (undergo phagocytosis) 
May escape into tissues
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7
Q

Describe lymphocytes.

A

Found in lymphatic system

Offer specific defenses against antigens

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8
Q

Explain phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

Steps:
WBC engulfs bacterium
Bacterium is digested leaving waste products
Waste is expelled from cell

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9
Q

List the origins of WBC

A 
Common ancestors 
Myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)

May mature elsewhere

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocyte?

A

T-lymphocytes

B-lymphocytes

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11
Q

Describe T-lymphocytes

A

Originate in bone marrow, Mature in thymus

Attack invader cells directly - non specific

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12
Q

Describe B-lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies

Programmed to produce one kind of antibody - specific

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13
Q

Identify the 2 types of immune response.

A

Humoral

Cell Mediated

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14
Q

Explain the humoral immune response

A

“antibody mediated”

Phagocyte present digested antigen
B-cells divide and produce plasma cells and memory cells
Plasma cells contain antibodies which are secreted and circulate the body
Memory cells remain, prepared for future immune responses

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15
Q

Explain the cell mediated response

A

Foreign antigens attached to T-cells
T-cells differentiate into several sub-types
These cells attack microbial perimeter directly

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16
Q

Identify the 2 types of immunity

A

Innate/Inherited (born with)

Acquired (gain after birth)

17
Q

Describe the 4 types of acquired immunity.

A

Natural Passive e.g breastfeeding, antibodies transferred through placenta = immunity acquired by the fetus or newborn from the mother

Natural Active e.g had disease previously = experiencing and having recovered from a disease. Active immunity involves the production of antibodies (by B lymphocytes) and cell-mediated response (with T lymphocytes)

Artificial Passive e.g ready-made anitbodies

Artificial Active

18
Q

List examples of immune problems.

A

Hypersensitivity - allergies
Transplant rejections
Immuno-deficiency - caused by disease, age, chemotherapy
Auto-immune disorder - body’s immune system attacks own body cells

19
Q

Describe the 4 blood groups.

A

A, has anti B antibodies, donors are A and O

B, has anti A anitbodies, donors are B and O

AB, no antibodies, universal receiver

O, anti A and anti B antibodies, donor is O, universal donor

20
Q

Explain the Rhesus System

A

Rhesus antigen is found on the surface of RBC
80-100% have Rhesus antigen (= Rh+)
Those who don’t are known as Rh-

21
Q

List Rhesus incompatibility triggers

A

Blood transfusion
Childbirth/Placental leak
2nd Rh+ foetus’ RBCs are ‘haemolysed’ (rupture of RBC)
Prophylaxis (action taken to prevent disease)

22
Q

Describe hydrostatic pressure.

A

Produced by blood pressure in capillaries

It forces plasma out into tissue fluid

23
Q

Describe oncotic pressure

A

Generated by large molecules in solution

It draws tissue fluid into capillary

24
Q

What happens when the venous end is blocked/ congested?

A

hydrostastic pressure INCREASES, fluid stays in interstitial space

25
Q

What happens when blood proteins are low?

A

oncotic pressure is not high enough to draw fluid back in

26
Q

What happens when there is a leaky blood vessel?

A

Fluid and large proteins leak out

27
Q

What is Oedema?

A

A condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid in cavities/tissues

causes swollen extremities and dysphoea (difficulty breathing)

28
Q

Describe the lymphatic system.

A

Secondary drainage system for tissues
Parallel to blood circulation
Consists of lymphatic capillaries
Permeable - caused by low internal pressure and pores

29
Q

What is lymph?

A

Fluid in which WBC are suspended in

Travels around lymphatic system through capillaries/vessels/nodes/ducts

30
Q

What are lymph nodes and what are their functions?

A

Small swellings on lymph capillaries

Filter Lymph
Site of lymphocyte maturation
Remove debris, germs and other waste

31
Q

What are lacteals? State their function

A

Lymph capillaries found inside small intestine villi

Absorb dietary fat and turn them into chyle

32
Q

What is chyle?

A

a milky fluid containing fat droplets which drains from the lacteals of the small intestine into the lymphatic system during digestion

33
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches? State their function.

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout small intestine

Monitor intestinal bacteria populations
Prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria

34
Q

What is a thoracic duct?

A

Vessel that collects and channels lymph

35
Q

What are cisterna chyli?

A

Dilated sac found at end of thoracic duct that receives fatty chyle

36
Q

List lymphoid tissues

A 
Bone marrow 
Liver 
Bowels 
Appendix 
Thymus 
Spleen 
Tonsils

Foundations of Health and Well Being (6 decks)

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