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Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

Active immunity

A

Production of antibodies in response to an antigen. Active immunity can result from exposure to a pathogen or through immunization that occurs with exposure to either a toxin or toxoid

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2
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies obtained from an outside source. Examples of passive immunity are maternal-fetal transfer of antibodies and the administration of antibodies such as IVIG

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3
Q

Immunogenicity

A

The ability of a particular substance, which is called the antigen, to provoke an immune response

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4
Q

Efficacy

A

How well a vaccine protects against a dz state. A vaccine if effective if there is a reduction in dz cases resulting from the administration of the vaccine

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5
Q

Herd immunity

A

The protection of non-vaccinated ppl that results from those who get the immunizations

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6
Q

General principles of vaccines

A

The closer a vaccine is to the dz-causing form of the organism, the better the immune response of the vaccine
All vaccines can be administered at the same visit as all other vaccines
If not given at the same visit, live parenteral and intranasal vaccines should be separated by at least four weeks
Increasing the interval between doses of a multidose vaccine does not diminish the effectiveness of the vaccine
Vaccine doses cannot be divided into partial doses
The only universal absolute contraindication is hx of anaphylactic rxn to a vaccine

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7
Q

False contraindications to vaccination

A 
Mild illness
Antimicrobial therapy
Dz exposure or convalescence
Breastfeeding
Preterm birth
Allergy to products not present in vaccine or allergy that is not anaphylactic
FHx of adverse events
Tb skin testing
Multiple vaccines
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8
Q

Example of a toxoid vaccine

A

TdaP

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9
Q

Example of a polysaccharide vaccine

A

Typhoid polysaccharide vaccine
Old meningococcal
23-valent pneumococcal

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10
Q

Example of a conjugated vaccine

A

Hib

Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine

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11
Q

Example of a whole bacterial vaccine

A

Old pertussis

Typhoid vaccine inactivated

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12
Q

Example of a whole virion vaccine

A

IPV
Whole influenza vaccine
Japanese encephalitis
Both rabies vaccines

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13
Q

Example of a split-virion vaccine

A

Split-virion influenza

Hep A

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14
Q

Example of a recombinant vaccine

A

Hep B

HPV

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15
Q

What are the two kinds of live viral vaccines?

A

Enteral/intranasal

Parenteral

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16
Q

Example of an enteral/intranasal vaccine

A

Live-attenuated influenza

Rotavirus (OPV)

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17
Q

Example of a parenteral live vaccine

A

Varicella zoster
MMR
Yellow fever

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18
Q

Example of live bacterial vaccine

A

Typhoid Ty21a

BCG

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19
Q

Details of Hep B virus

A 
Viral hep with long-term fatality rate approaching 100% after congenital infection
Recombinant vaccine (HbsAg) starting at birth
Recommended for all infants starting at less than or equal to 12 hours of age
3 doses at 0, 1, 6 mos
Antibody wanes over years, but auto-boost results in prolonged efficacy
20
Q

Details of rotavirus

A

Viral agent of severe gastroenteritis in children <2 yo
Live pentavalent bovine/human reassortant vaccine licensed for age 6-32 wks
3 doses at 2, 4, and 6 mos protect for at least 2 seasons

21
Q

Details of TDap

A

Tetanus risk related to hygiene, vaccine status (no herd immunity)
Diphtheria and pertussis risks depend on exposure (herd immunity occurs)
Trivalent combined toxoids, available in several combinations
-D= high-dose diphtheria (children <7 yo)
-d= low-dose diphtheria (7 and older)
-aP or ap= acellular pertussis (all current formulations)
Give DTaP at 2, 4, 6, and 18 mos, 4-6 yrs, then TdaP every 10 yrs starting at 11.

22
Q

Details of hib virus

A

Until the advent of universal immunization, the MC bacterial cause of meningitis in infants and children <5 yo
Conjugated polysaccharide vaccine cannot be given to infants < 6 wks old
Natural exposure results in near-universal immunity by age 5
Routinely given at 2, 4, (6), 12-15 mos

23
Q

Details of pneumococcus vaccine and virus

A

MC bacterial agent of meningitis and bacteremia in children exposed to the community (>6 wks old)
MC bacterial agent of otitis media; also a common agent of pneumonia
Two licensed vaccines:
7-valent conjugated polysaccharide for age 6 wks to 4 yrs (PCV-7)
23-valent polysaccharide for age 5 and older (PPV)
PCV-7 is routinely given at 2, 4, 6, 12-15 mos

24
Q

Details of polio virus and vaccine

A

Currently virus does not circulate in the western hemisphere
Immunization prevents reestablishment and protects travelers
IPV is the only vaccine used in the US: trivalent, inactivated, whole-viron vaccine
Routinely given at 2, 4, and 6-18 mos, 4-6 yrs
May require boosting for high-risk adult travelers

25
MMR details- viruses and vaccine
All 3 viruses return in sporadic outbreaks esp in teens and young adults High risk of congenital infection Parenteral, live-attenuated viral vaccines Available as MMR, singly, in pairs, and with varicella as MMRV 2 doses at least 4 wks apart confer lifelong immunity Routinely given at 12-15 mos and 4-6 yrs; not for use in infants <1 yo bc of possible interference from maternal antibody Occasionally, children will run a fever after receiving MMR
26
Details of varicella virus and vaccine
Still occurs sporadically in all areas The MC communicable human pathogen known Occasionally fatal Parental, live-attenuated viral vaccine 2 doses at least 4 wks apart confer lifelong immunity Routinely given at 12-15 mos and 4-6 yrs; not for use in infants <1 yo bc of possible interference from maternal antibody
27
Details of influenza virus and vaccine
Two types A and B; C is rare. B occurs sporadically, A occurs in annual outbreaks and is more virulent 2 vaccines available: parenteral inactivated (TTV) and live-attenuated intranasal (LAV) All vaccines are trivalent, containing two A strains and one B strain Composition changes from yr to yr Children < 9 yo receive 2 doses the 1st yr they receive flu vaccine Annual vaccination is recommended for everyone age 6 mos- 17 yrs
28
Details of hep A virus and vaccine
Generally mild illness in healthy children Two parenteral, inactivated vaccines available Immunization of all children in 2nd yr of life is recommended; selected older children 2 doses, at least 6 mos apart Antibody wanes, but long incubation period
29
Details of HPV virus and vaccine
Sexually transmitted virus; high-risk serotypes cause 99% of cervical cancers Recombinant, parenteral vaccine contains antigens of HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 Given before the onset of sexual activity, prevents 70% of cervical cancers 3 doses given btwn 9 and 26 yoa Routine is to start at age 11-12, and give doses at 0, 2, and 6 mos Now permissive recommendation for males 9-18 to reduce the likelihood of acquiring genital warts- and herd immunity benefits
30
Meningococcus virus and vaccine details
Frequent cause of meningitis and fulminant sepsis; fatality rate is high in spite of good care Most dz in US is caused by serotypes B and C Both pure polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines are available Both contain A, C, Y and W135 antigens. There is no type B vaccine A single dose is recommended for pts at risk, including most college students Immunity is short-lived (2-3 yrs)
31
Titers
Titers are blood tests that check your immune status to vaccinations or dzs you may have received in the past While there is generally no harm in getting re-vaccinated, the blood titer is generally more cost-effective
32
Who should get a Hep A titer?
Ppl who were born in parts of the world with a higher prevalence of Hep A infection, such as many 3rd world countries Anyone who believes to have been exposed to Hep A infection Certain adolescents and adults in population groups such as American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Hispanics Adults greater than or equal to 40 yoa
33
Who should get a Hep B titer?
Health care workers or public safety workers who have direct pt contact Chronic hemodialysis pts IC pts Persons with HIV Sex partners who have been exposed to Hep B infected person Infants born to Hep B infected mother
34
Who should get an MMR titer?
Persons who travel internationally
35
Who should get a varicella titer?
Health care personnel or adults who are uncertain of their varicella hx Immigrants to the US applying for permanent residency must show proof of varicella dz Any person who lacks evidence of appropriate vaccination coverage
36
Who should get a rabies titer?
IC pts Significant deviations of the vaccine schedule have occurred The pt initiated the vaccination series with a questionable quality vaccine internationally If the result is >0.05 IU/mL the person is considered immune
37
Safety issues
Encephalopathy- associated with whole-cell pertussis vaccine (no longer used) Thimerosal-mercury-containing preservative no longer present in any routine childhood vaccine ZERO clinical evidence to support the link between vaccines and an increased incidence of autism
38
Considerations
Yellow fever, MMR and influenza vaccines contain eggs | Do not give MMR, varicella, yellow fever, rotavirus, and flu to IC pts, as they are live
39
What vaccines are given at birth?
Hep B
40
What vaccines are given at 2 mos?
``` Hep B Dtap H. flu IPV PCV ```
41
What vaccines are given at 4 mos?
``` Dtap Rotavirus H. flu IPV PCV ```
42
What vaccines are given at 6 mos?
``` Hep B Dtap Rotavirus H. flu IPV PCV Influenza ```
43
What vaccines are given at 1-1.5 yrs?
``` MMR Hep A Dtap H flu IPV PCV ```
44
What vaccines are given at 4-6 yrs?
Varicella Dtap IPV MMR
45
What vaccines are given at 11-12 yrs?
Tdap HPV Men?
46
What vaccines are given at 16-18 yrs?
Men? | Booster

Peds (11 decks)

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