IMMUNO: INTRO

Question 1

have observe that there are individuals who recovered from smallpox

Answer 1

Chinese

Question 2

they infected the infants with smallpox by rubbing the _____ from infected individuals into small cuts

Answer 2

Scabs

Question 3

the technique used to immunize an individual

Answer 3

Variolation

Question 4

Variolation was derived from what agent?

Answer 4

Variola virus

Question 5

In Western Europe, there were outbreaks of what disease?

Answer 5

Rinderpest/ cattle plague

Question 6

In this year they suggested the inoculation of rinderpet from the nasal discharge of infected animal

Answer 6

1754

Question 7

How fid they inoculate rinderpest?

Answer 7

soaking a piece of string in the nasal discharge from an animal with rinderpest and inserted the string into an incision in the dewlap of the animal to be protected

Question 8

English physician who demonstrated that material from cowpox lesions could be substituted for smallpox in variolation

Answer 8

Edward Jenner

Question 9

This effective procedure vaccination was eventually used in 1970s to eradicate smallpox

Answer 9

Vaccination

Question 10

Vaccination was derived from the latin word _____ which means _____?

Answer 10

Vacca meaning cow

Question 11

This was inoculated through inserting a small piece of tissue from an infected lung into a cut in the tail

Answer 11

bovine pleuropneumonia

Question 12

He investigated fowl cholera (CA: Pasteurella multocida) in France

Answer 12

Louis Pasteur

Question 13

What are the Principles of Vaccination ?

Answer 13

-Exposure of animal to a strain of an organisms that will not cause disease (avirulent strain) can provoke an immune response
-The immune response will protect the animal against a subsequent infection by a disease-producing (virulent) strain of the same or closely related organism

Question 14

In what disease did Pasteur first applied the principles of vaccination?

Answer 14

Anthrax

Question 15

T/F the accidentally aged culture by Pasteur’s assistant was not effective

Answer 15

False

Question 15

He made Bacillus anthracis avirulent by?

Answer 15

growing them at an unusually high temperature

Question 17

Pasteur developed a rabies vaccine by?

Answer 17

drying spinal cords taken from rabies-infected rabbits and using the dried cords as his vaccine material

Question 18

demonstrated that dead organisms could also be used as vaccines

Answer 18

Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith

Question 19

They showed that heat-killed culture of______________________ could protect pigeons against the disease

Answer 19

Salmonella enterica cholerasuis

Question 20

showed that filtrated taken from cultures of the tetanus bacillus (Clostridium tetani) could protect animals against tetanus

Answer 20

Von Behring and Kitasato

Question 21

In this year the existence of immunity to infectious diseases of animals was well recognized

Answer 21

1900

Question 22

A procedure for immunization called variolation becomes established in China

Answer 22

1700

Question 23

Edward Jenner, an English physician, pioneers smallpox

Answer 23

1798

Question 24

Interest in acquired immunity through the use of variolation as a prophylactic measure

Answer 24

Early 18th century

Question 25

German biologist Ernst Haeckel recognizes phagocytosis

Answer 25

1862

Question 26

German chemist Moritz Traube and Richard Gscheidlen inject micro- organisms into the blood

Answer 26

1874

Question 27

German Jewish physician Paul Ehrlich first describes mast cells

Answer 27

1877

Question 28

Russian zoologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov theorizes that cells are involved in the defense of the body. Metchnikoff introduces the concept of cell- mediated or cellular immunity.

Answer 28

1883

Question 29

discover bacterial toxin, by isolating a toxin secreted by corynebacterium diphtheriae and showing that the toxin—and not the microorganism—gives rise to the symptoms of diphteria

Answer 29

1888

Question 30

Robert Koch discovers delayed type hypersensitivity

Answer 30

1891

Question 31

Richard Pfeiffer discovers the phenomenon of bacteriolysis

Answer 31

1894

Question 32

Charles Richet coins the term anaphylaxis

Answer 32

1902

Question 33

British bacteriologists Almroth Wright and Stewart Douglas discover opsonins.

Answer 33

1903

Question 34

English pharmacologist Henry Hallett Dale identifies histamine

Answer 34

1910

Question 35

American bacteriologist Lloyd D. Felton isolates pure antibody preparation

Answer 35

1926

Question 36

Elvin Kabat for the first time reports that gamma globulin

Answer 36

1930

Question 37

Jules Freund and Katherine McDermott publish a paper on their experiments on immunization of guinea pigs with horse serum

Answer 37

1942

Question 38

Astrid Fagraeus demonstrates the production of antibodies in plasma B cells

Answer 38

1948

Question 39

British biochemist Rodney Robert Porter discovers the antibody structure

Answer 39

1959

Question 40

Teruko Ishizaka and Kimishige Ishizaka identify immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Answer 40

1967

Question 41

Anthony Davis and team discover T cell and B cell cooperation in immune response

Answer 41

1968

Question 42

The structure of the antibody molecule is revealed

Answer 42

1972

Question 43

Rolf M. Zinkernagel and Peter C. Doherty discover how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

Answer 43

1974

Question 44

Monoclonal antibody production technique by Kholer & Milstein

Answer 44

1975

Question 45

Mullis developed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer 45

1983-1984

Question 46

Japanese immunologist Shimon Sakaguchi discovers regulatory T cells

Answer 46

1995

Question 47

Toll-like receptors are identified

Answer 47

1996-1998

Question 48

humoral theory of immunity having strong influence, with long term implications for future immunological development

Answer 48

20th century

Question 49

the idea of cell-mediated immunity is accepted and cellular immunity develops.

Answer 49

1950

Question 50

begin the rapid identification of genes for immune cells that continues to the present

Answer 50

1980s

Question 51

strategies for vaccines and studies of regulatory T lymphocytes and the innate immune response. Fast-paced changes in immunology

Answer 51

21st century

Question 52

the study of all aspects of the immune system

Answer 52

Immunology

Question 53

an area of science which helps in understanding the way by which animals gain protection from disease causing agents or pathogens

Answer 53

Immunology

Question 54

infectious agents are identified as different from the “self” and defend or protect against damaging effects

Answer 54

Immunology

Question 55

T/F the living animal body is cold, dry, and rich in different nutrients

Answer 55

False: warm and moist

Question 55

T/F The resistance of healthy animals to microbial invasion depends on the successful defense against the microbial invaders

Answer 55

True

Question 57

to be effective, one defense system must be available

Answer 57

False: multiple defence systems

Question 58

What are the different defense systems?

Answer 58

-Some destroy specific organisms -Some act at the body surface to prevent invaders to enter the body -Some act within the body to destroy organisms that have breached the outer defenses -Some defend against bacterial invaders, some against viruses that live inside cells, and even some against large invaders like fungi and parasites

Question 59

T/F the protection of the body comes from sinmple system of overlapping and interlinked defense mechanisms

Answer 59

False: complex system

Question 60

What are 3 general ways in which the animal body defends itself against ?

Answer 60

- Physical Barriers (First line of defense) - Innate Immunity (2nd line of defense) - Acquired Immunity

Question 61

provides an effective barrier to microbial invasion, thus, if damaged, infections may occur; but wound healing ensure that it is repaired rapidly

Answer 61

Intact skin

Question 62

In other body surfaces (respiratory or GIT) simple physical defensed include the

Answer 62

“self-cleaning” process

Question 63

Examples of Physical Barriers

Answer 63

- Intact skin - self cleaning process - In the respiratory tract - coughing, sneezing and mucus flow - In the GIT – vomiting and diarrhea - In Urinary system – Urine flow

Question 64

second layer of defenses that consists of preexisting or rapidly responding chemical and cellular defense mechanisms

Answer 64

Innate Immunity (2nd line of defense)

Question 65

one key aspect is the body’s ability to focus the innate defense mechanisms on sites of microbial invasion called

Answer 65

inflammation

Question 66

The body also uses enzymes that are triggered by the presence of invaders and this form is known as the

Answer 66

complement system

Question 67

Animals also possess___________________ such as carbohydrate-digesting enzyme lysozyme and many carbohydrate-binding proteins

Answer 67

natural antimicrobial molecules

Question 68

________ immune system lacks any form of memory

Answer 68

Innate immune system

Question 69

Components of innate immune system?

Answer 69

Phagocytes (Neutrophils and macrophages) Complement proteins Natural Killer cells

Question 70

Recognize invaders, destroy them and learn from the process

Answer 70

Specificity

Question 71

Recognized and remember invaders so that when it encounters them on subsequent occasions it can respond more rapidly and effectively

Answer 71

Memory

Question 72

Takes at least several days to become effective

Answer 72

Acquired Immunity

Question 73

immune system that is a complex and sophisticated system that provide ultimate defense of the body

Answer 73

Acquired immunity

Question 74

What distinguishes innate immunity from acquired immunity?

Answer 74

Usage of receptors to recognize foreign invaders

Question 75

What ar the branches od acquired immunity?

Answer 75

- humoral immune response - Cell- mediated Immune Response

Question 76

Directed against extracellular or exogenous invaders; antibodies destroy these invaders since they are found in body fluids (“humors”)

Answer 76

Humoral Immune Response (B cells)

Question 77

directed against intracellular or endogenous invaders that invade cells

Answer 77

Cell-mediated Immune Response (T cells)

Question 78

Phases of Primary Immune Response

Answer 78

-Lag phase -log phase -plateau phase -decline

Question 79

phase where no antibody is detected

Answer 79

Lag

Question 80

phase in which the antibody titer rises logarithmically

Answer 80

Log

Question 81

phase during which the antibody titer stabilizes

Answer 81

Plateau

Question 82

phase during which the antibody is cleared or catabolized

Answer 82

Decline

Question 83

Phases of Adaptive Immune Response

Answer 83

Recognition Activation Effector Decline Memory

Question 84

Protection acquired by deliberate introduction of an antigen into a responsive host.