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Pathology > Immuno3 0519FA > Flashcards

Immuno3 0519FA Flashcards

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1
Q

passive immunity

A

acquired through PREFORMED Abs.
rapid onset.
short span of Ab (3 wks).

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2
Q

examples of passive immunity

A

IgA in breast milk.
antitoxin.
humanized monoclonal Ab.

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3
Q

active immunity

A

acquired through exposure to foreign Ags.
slow onset.
long-lasting protection (memory).

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4
Q

examples of active immunity

A

natural infx.
vaccines.
toxoid.

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5
Q

preformed Abs are given to pts after exposure to…?

A

Tetanus toxin.
Botulinum toxin.
HBV.
Rabies virus.

“To Be Healed Rapidly” with passive immunity

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6
Q

purpose of vaccines

A

induce ACTIVE immune response (humoral or cell-mediated) to specific pathogens

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7
Q

live attenuated vaccine

A

microorganism loses pathogenicity but retains capacity for transient growth within inoculated host

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8
Q

what kind of imm response is induced by live attenuated vaccine?

A

mainly cellular

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9
Q

pros of live attenuated vaccine

A

induces strong, often lifelong immunity

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10
Q

cons of live attenuated vaccine

A

may revert to VIRULENT form

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11
Q

examples of live attenuated vaccine

A

polio (Sabin).
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella).
varicella.
yellow fever.

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12
Q

inactivated or killed vaccine

A

pathogen inactivated by heat or chemicals.

maintain epitope structure of surface Ags is important for imm response.

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13
Q

what kind of imm response is induced by inactivated or killed vaccine?

A

humoral

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14
Q

pros of inactivated or killed vaccine

A

stable and safer than live vaccines

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15
Q

cons of inactivated or killed vaccine

A

weaker imm response.

BOOSTER SHOTS usually required.

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16
Q

examples of inactivated or killed vaccine

A 
cholera.
influenza.
Hep A.
polio (Salk).
rabies.
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17
Q

autoAb: antinuclear Abs (ANA)

A

SLE, nonspecific

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18
Q

autoAb: anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith

A

SLE

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19
Q

autoAb: antihistone

A

drug-induced lupus

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20
Q

autoAb: anti-IgG (RHEUMATOID FACTOR)

A

RA

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21
Q

autoAb: anticentromere

A

scleroderma (CREST)

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22
Q

autoAb: anti-Scl-70 (anti-DNA topoisomerase I)

A

scleroderma (diffuse)

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23
Q

autoAb: antimitochondrial

A

primary biliary cirrhosis

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24
Q

autoAb: antigliadin, antiendomysial

A

Celiac disease

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25
autoAb: anti-basement membrane
Goodpasture's syndrome
26
autoAb: anti-desmoglein
pemphigus vulgaris
27
autoAb: antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin
Hashimoto thyroiditis
28
autoAb: anti-Jo-1
polymyositis, dermatomyositis
29
autoAb: anti-SS-A (anti-Ro)
Sjogren's syndrome
30
autoAb: anti-SS-B (anti-La)
Sjogren's syndrome
31
autoAb: anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)
mixed connective tissue disorder
32
autoAb: anti-smooth muscle
autoimmune hepatitis
33
autoAb: anti-glutamate decarboxylase
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
34
autoAb: c-ANCA
Wegener's granulomatosis
35
autoAb: p-ANCA
other (non-Wegener's) vasculitides
36
macrophage cytokines
``` IL-1 IL-6 IL-8 IL-12 TNF-a ```
37
IL-1
1. endogenous pyrogen: fever, acute inflamm. 2. activate endo to express adhesion molecs. 3. induce chemokine secretion to recruit leukocytes.
38
IL-6
1. endogenous pyrogen: fever. | 2. stimulate production of acute phase proteins.
39
what cells release IL-6?
macrophages, Th2
40
IL-8
major chemotactic factor for neutrophils. | and induce neutrophil phagocytic activity when they arrive
41
IL-12
1. induce differentiation of T cells into Th1 cell. | 2. activate NK cells.
42
what cells release IL-12?
macrophages, B cells
43
TNF-a
"cachectin" 1. septic shock 2. activate endo. 3. cause leuk recruitment, vasc leak.
44
what cytokine is secreted by all T cells?
IL-3: supports growth and differentiation of BM stem cells (acts like GM-CSF)
45
Th1 cytokines
IL-2 | IFN-g
46
IL-2
stimulates growth of all T cells
47
IFN-g
1. activate Th1 cells and macrophages (recruit leukocytes and activate phagocytosis). 2. suppress Th2 cells. 3. antiviral and antitumor.
48
Th2 cytokines
IL-4 IL-5 IL-10
49
IL-4
1. induce differentiation into Th2 cells. 2. promote growth of B cells. 3. enhance class switch to IgE and IgG.
50
IL-5
1. promote differentiation of B cells. 2. enhance class switch to IgA. 3. eosinophil growth and diff.
51
IL-10
anti-inflamm: 1. inhibits action of activated T cells, Th1. 2. activate Th2.
52
what cells secrete IL-10?
Th2 cells, regulatory T cells
53
what other cytokine acts like IL-10?
TGF-b: also inhibits inflamm
54
interferon mechanism
induce prod of RIBONUCLEASE that inhibits viral protein synth by degrading viral (not host) mRNA -- places uninfected cells in an ANTIVIRAL state. *also activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
55
what do IFN alpha and beta do?
inhibit viral protein synth
56
what does IFN gamma do?
increase MHC I and II expression | and Ag presentation in all cells
57
cell surface proteins of T cells
TCR: binds Ag-MHC complex. CD3: assoc w/ TCR for signal transduction. CD28: binds B7 of APC. also... CD4: helper T cells. CD8: cytotoxic T cells.
58
cell surface proteins of B cells
Ig: binds Ag. CD19, 20, 21, 40. MHC II and B7: APC fx.
59
which B cell surface proteins is a receptor for EBV?
CD21 | "you can drink Beer at the Bar when you're 21"
60
cell surface proteins of macrophages
CD14, 40. MHC II and B7. Fc and C3b receptors: enhance phagocytosis.
61
cell surface proteins of NK cells
CD16: bind Fc of IgG. CD56: unique to NK cells*
62
what are the ONLY mature cells in the body to NOT have MHC I?
RBCs
63
anergy
without costimulatory molecule, self-reactive T cells become nonreactive *in B cells, anergy also happens but tolerance is less complete
64
superantigens
cross-link beta-region of TCR to MHC II on APCs = uncoordinated release of IFN-g from Th1 and subsequent release of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a from macrophages
65
what microorganisms produce superantigens?
S.pyogenes | S.aureus
66
endotoxins (LPS)
directly stimulate macrophages by binding endotoxin receptor, CD14 (Th cells not involved)
67
what microorganisms produce endotoxins (LPS)?
gram negatives
68
Ag variation in bacteria: Salmonella
2 flagellar variants
69
Ag variation in bacteria: Borrelia
relapsing fever
70
Ag variation in bacteria: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
pilus protein
71
Ag variation in virus: influenza
major: antigenic shift. minor: antigenic drift.
72
Ag variation in parasite: trypanosome
programmed rearrangement

Pathology (10 decks)

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